| Before the Opium War,Chinese cities were in the shadow of the traditional society. Although there were some commercial and industrial cities in Ming and Qing dynasty, and Capitalism budded in few cities in the south. Urbanization hasn't started in China at that time. It started with the launch of modernization. After the Opium War, China entered the modern society, but the modernization has not started. Urbanization started in the growing commercial trade of western countries and commerce became the motivation of urbanization in china.The modernization of China started after the second Opium War. With the establishment and expansion of concession, the western civilization swarmed into China. The launching of Westernization Movement and the expanding investment of western powers in China promoted the urbanization process. After Sino-Japanese War in 1895, China has a comprehensive indication of urbanization. The root lies in gaining the right of opening up mines and building some factories and the development of national capitalism of China. The industry and commerce becomes the prime motors of urbanization gradually. The achievement of urbanization in China mainly concentrates in the trading port, and concession is a model of urbanization. In spite of fragmentary fumble of China, urbanization of China before the New Deal at the end of Qing dynasty is involuntary,passive and abnormal.The modernization of China is scattered and topical before the New Deal at the end of Qing dynasty, but the New Deal is top-down,comprehensive and autonomous reform, which is a full start of china modernization. The independence of urbanization lies in the transformation of Chinese thought in the crisis of nationality. A series of reform of, industry ,business and traffic promote directly the process of urbanization.The reform of self-opening commercial port in 19 century is promoted in the New Deal."Ningbo mode"and"the self-managed market"becomes reference of self-opening commercial port, which improve the development of commercial port urban economy and the advancement of urbanization powerfully.The urban function has realized gradually from the tradition to modernization at this time. Some new institutions such as trade union ,local self-government and police officer play more and more important role in the life of cities. The modern municipal administration construction also starts on a national scale, which promote urban development and advancement of urbanization.Some Policies in New Deal give gentry,national bourgeoisie and new intellectuals the opportunity of taking part in city life, and the development of industry and commerce provides the powerful economical support, so they could participate in national political life and interact with government with the help of numerous social groups. Residential society comes into being. After opening commercial port in Jinan in1904, industry and commerce developed very fast, new education replaced the traditional education gradually, the population and scales of city was expanding, municipal administration construction started, trade unions and some other citizen-action publics were built and play their roles in city lives. Jinan was converted from the traditional feudal society city to modern urban industrial and commercial city.Urbanization and modernization of China are incorporated: urbanization plays a leading role in the process of modernization, and the further development of the process of modernization has also promoted the launch of urbanization. New Deal at the end of Qing dynasty is a full start of early modernization and urbanization of China. Qing dynasty plays a key role in the process of conversion from passive,abnormal urbanization to autonomous and comprehensive one. |
