Different Brain Mechanisms Mediate For Whole-calculation And Approximate-calulation Strategy In Simple And Complex Arthmetic

Whole-calculation strategyrefers to the individual needs of the equation or figure to make accurate quantity obtained by the use of cognitive strategies, approximate-calculation is the number of individuals to a reference standard, formula or figures to make about how much the number of cognitive strategies used. Actuarial and estimates the strategy and has close relations of daily life, so separating the two strategies is the brain mechanism of foreign psychologists in recent years, research focus.At present, the previous loss by many patients and normal brain research in behavioral dimensions and neuropsychological aspects of separation of two strategies to find the evidence, made a lot of fruitful results. Among the more prominent in recent years to several Dehane and others in this area. If Dehane et al in 1999 Science magazine published an article on the separation of fine estimation, author of the study, normal subjects were tested by a series of quasi-experimental system to explore the simple arithmetic precision, the estimates rely on differences in brain function. Nevertheless, the actuarial estimate of the separation mechanism and the research there are many problems to be solved. First, the essence of simple arithmetic previous studies to estimate the paradigm itself flaw that could cause a number of important independent variables of mixed affect the objectivity of the results, so the need to explore a new paradigm, a more objective study simple arithmetic neural mechanisms in the difference between two strategies; second, complex arithmetic precision, the estimated time courses of brain mechanisms is characterized by what? Third, the simple arithmetic precision, estimated separation mechanism and complex arithmetic precision, estimated by separate mechanisms which rely on the neural basis of similarities and differences? Fourth, the difficulty of estimating effects of simple arithmetic in the brain mechanism of separation and the difficulty of estimating effects of complex arithmetic in the brain mechanism of separation depends what the neural basis of similarities and differences? Based on this, we merged into these two studies, by six experiments to systematically explore.The following conclusions of this study(1) simple arithmetic on large and small issues of recognition and memory and brain mechanisms of separation does not occur in the behavioral indicators will not appear on reaction time and accuracy of the imbalance. If the brain mechanisms of separation and correct the imbalance rate of reaction, then the explanation was tested on large, small problems were calculated.(2) in simple arithmetic, the options are consistent with the formula the answer or choose the answer with the formula results close to the two paradigms will be the answer presented itself before the show differences in brain mechanisms, these differences mainly in the frontal area and the central area, and frontal areas may reflect differences in paradigms of the two options the requirements of different working memory load differences, differences in interpretation between the central area remains to be explored.(3) to select the same or close to the formula results as precise, estimates of distinction, in fact, did not estimate the actuarial and separated. Paradigm issues under the actuarial mechanism and estimate the size of the paradigm of separation of the problem size of the separation mechanism in the cortex of the characteristics on the time-consistency, indicating the subjects under the two paradigms is the actuarial strategies are used.(4) Using inequality paradigm, with different space-induced simple arithmetic precision, estimation, separation of the two mechanisms was found mainly in the central area and occipital area. The central area of difference may reflect the simple arithmetic of the exact answer to the extraction and not extraction, and occipital areas may reflect a strategy of estimating the dependence on visual processing.(5) The difficulty of estimating effects of simple arithmetic mainly in right hemisphere and the occipital area. Actuarial difficulty with simple arithmetic comparison of isolated cortex activity was found difficult to estimate the effect of simple arithmetic in more reflected in the visual cortex and associated processing or image processing machine right hemisphere occipital area.(6) Estimate the time-precision complex arithmetic change characteristics: differences between the first area is the right central-parietal areas and right parietal-occipital area, and then switch to the forehead-the central area, then also appear in the left forehead and right occipital-parietal area. Among them, the right central-parietal area and right parietal-occipital area may be related to strategies for selecting these. In the forehead-the Central District and the right parietal-occipital areas and the implementation of the two strategies.(7) Estimate the degree of difficulty of the analysis of complex arithmetic found difficult to effect their separation is mainly reflected in the forehead-the central area, which may reflect the difficulty of complex arithmetic estimates also need the involvement of working memory. Based on the findings of these studies, we systematically reveal the essence of simple arithmetic to estimate the separation of brain mechanisms and the difficulty of estimating effects of complex arithmetic precision, estimates of the separation of brain mechanisms and the difficulty of estimating effects. Answer to the previous studies is not well resolved or not resolved four issues, and actuarial estimates of the separation mechanism with the essence of making a rational nature.