Study On Life And Academic Thought Of He Lian-chen

He Lian-chen(1861-1929) was a prominent TCM's physicians in the end of Qing Dynasty to the early republic of China.Since 1840's,foreign aggressors opened Chinese gate with solid ships and advanced cannons in the opium war.The introduction of the western culture had greatly influenced China in every aspect,such as nation defense,economy and society of China.The introduction of the western medicine into China formed a sharp contrast with TCM.People had different attitudes toward this contrast.Some were very radical to deny TCM completely,some were conservatives with the view of national isolation,and some were reform school to blend TCM with western medicine actively,Meanwhile,the nationalist government adopted lots of laws and regulations to restrict the medical activities of TCM,even wanting to abolish TCM.Survival of TCM had came to the most dangerous moment.At that time,Mr.He and lots of famous physicians endeavored to take many effective measures to inherit and develop TCM,organizing medical associations,promoting education,compiling teaching materials and medical books to conserve the quintessence of country,taking part in the petition activities of TCM.Mr.He made significant contribution to the cause of TCM.At that time,China was in the condition of domestic trouble and foreign invasion,battles were frequently,and infectious disease were prevailing,the masses were without means to live,TCM physicians took positive measures to tackle those problems.The theory of fever diseases which caused by exogenous pathogenic factors gained further development and perfection in those days.He Lian-chen had engaged in the medicine more than 40 years,he was industrious in clinic and good at summarizing theory of TCM,had revised lots of works to sort theory of Shang Han of Shao School and warm diseases theory,and compiled many important works,such as Tong Su Shang Han Lun,Chong Ding Guang Wen Re Lun,Quan Guo Ming Yi Yan An Lei Bian etc,had made great contribution to the development of Shang Han of Shao School and Warm Disease theory.His colorful life experience reflected the sinuosity development of the TCM's history.Studying on the life and academic thought of He Lian-chen,we can understand general situation of TCM's development in the end of Qing Dynasty to the Early Republic of China.Theirs academic thoughts and accomplishment deserve us to inherit,study deeply and use for reference.This paper has emphasized on the life and academic thought of He Lian-chen.During the period of writing this paper,the author had read the modern history of China,including the history of social development and the general history of Chinese medicine,and some books about this field,and lots of books which were written by He Lian-chen.In addition,the author had gone to the places where he lived,such as Hangzhou and Shaoxing district,to interview his offsprings and gained the first-hand information about his life,bookmaking and so on.According to the tract of his life,medical activities and academic achievements,the author will further study it in 3 aspects,such as He Lian-chen's family background and life,medical activities,study on his academic thought of inheriting and developing the Shang Han of Shao School,analyze the magnum opus of warm disease theory of Chong Ding Guang Wen Re Lun,arrange and analyze his characteristic clinic and treatments.The author divide this paper into 7 aspects in detail,as follows:1.He Lian-chen's family background and his life.2.Important medical activities of his life.3.Study on his academic thought of inheriting and developing Shang Han of Shao School.4.Analyze the magnum opus of theory's warm disease of Chong Ding Guang Wen Re Lun.5.Characteristic diagnosis and treatment in clinic.6.Discuss on He Lian-chen's experience of treatments.7.Analyze the methods which he pursued studies.According to important medical activities of Mr.He,we divide his life career into two stages.The first stage(from 1861 to 1891):Abandon Confucianism's Theory and Study on TCM,Studying in Suzhou and Shanghai.He Lian-chen was born in a medical family,his grandfather was a famous TCM physician of Shang Han of Shao School.Mr.He learned the theory of TCM from his grandfather when he was young.At the beginning,Mr.He pursued in the theory of Confucianism,however,had failed in provincial examination twice,then he turned to study on TCM and read medical class workds,such as Yellow Emperor's Canon of Medicine,Science of Shang Han Lun, Gold Cabinet etc.He consulted with his townees such as Shen Yun-chen,Shen Lan-cha,Yan Ji-chun,and apprehended TCM's theory gradually.Mr.He studied with his tutor Fan Kai-zhou,and knew the change of symptoms and the variety of treatments.Later he turned to investigate on the academic thoughts of many TCM's physicians during Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty.Mr.He began to practice medicine.Most of the treatments were effective,however,some were of no effect.Mr.He took the advice of his tutor Fan Kai-zhou,quiting his work in 1886 and studying in Suzhou and Shanghai.Mr.He lived in Suzhou for one year,admiring the theory of Ye Tian-shi,and named Yin-yan,consulted with Ma Pei-zhi.Then he came to Shanghai.He often consulted with famous physicians when encountered them.However,he felt that most of them just discussed on those theory such as Yin and Yang,Five elements,Ascending and descending of functional activities of Qi, Allelopathy etc.He brought lots of books about western medicine and studied it.He was greatly influenced by the theory of integration of TCM and western medicine, which was advocated by Zhou Xue-qiao,Zhang Xi-chun and Yun Tie-qiao etc.Their thoughts had greatly influenced Mr.He in organizing medical institutes,compling teaching material and medical books etc.The second stage(from 1891 to 1929):Abundant Experiences of His Medical Career.Mr.He came back to Shaoxing in 1891,and continued to consult with famous doctor of Zhao Qing-chu about medical theory.He began to practice medicine in Xuan Hua lane and Bao Zhu bridge.Tong Yi charity bureau had been founded in 1903,and He worked here for free.Mr.He and Zhou Xue-qiao etc organized medical association of China in 1905.Mr.He went to Japan in 1907.Later,Mr.He and Qiu Ji-sheng,Cao Bing-zhang etc organized the Medical Association of Shao Xing in 1908,Mr.He was nominated chairman.They published the Medical Newspaper of Shao Xing.In addition,Mr.He and Cao Bing-zhang founded He Ji's pharmic bureau.He took part in the clinic work in the charity bureau of Tong Yi,Tong Shan and Ling Xiao She,and the petition protest activities organized by TCM physicians.Medical Newspaper of Shao Xing was thought to be one of the firstclass newspapers in TCM's field.It last for 20 years and had published for 141 volumes,had at least 20 issuers and had been sent abroad.They ran this newspaper in the style which was not stick to one pattern,it could accommodate academic thoughts of all schools It was thought to be the best place to exchange information of medicine.He Lian-chen profited from this newspaper,so he could master the whole direction of warm disease theory's development all over the country in this journal,so that he could gather more than 100 TCM physicians's academic thoughts,and complied their thoughts into books,such as Yi Xue Cong Shu,Guo Yi Bai Jia etc.In addition,he also recensed 110 volumes of ancient medical books,named Medical Series Books of Shao Xing.His magnum opus had at least 30 books,such as Chong Ding Guang Wen Re Lun,Tong Su Shang Han Lun,Shi Wen Shi Yi Zhi Liao Fa,Quan Guo Ming Yi Yan An Lei Bian etc.He Lian-chen inherited and developed the academic thoughts of Shang Han of Shao School,and his magnum opus book was Tong Su Shang Han Lun.He Lian-chen inheriting and developing the academic thoughts of Shang Han of Shao School was embodied in the book named Tong Su Shang Han Lun.He had spent 13 years(from 1916 to 1929) in editing this book.Its content and volume has been added up from 3 volumes to 12 volumes.It was the first best accomplishment of Shao School's Shang Han.The author had studied the textual research on circulation of this book,to further study the academic thoughts of Tong Su Shang Han Lun,and establish academic status of it.Mr.He developed the academic thoughts of Shao School's Shang Han in those respects.According to "The weather of Shaoxing area was humid and warm,people like drink tea and alcohol,eat lots of melon and fruit",Mr.He brought forward the viewpoints that pathogeny were rich in wetness,the cold enwaraped fire,Six climates could cause diseases,especially the fire evil.Water and fire are the two leading pathogenies.In the process of the exogenous febrile disease transmiting from one channel to another,Mr.He put forward the viewpoint that three layers of diseases caused by exogenous pathogenic factor and ultimately affected stomach.Shang Han disease could spread not only in hand meridians but also in foot meridians.In the aspect of diagnosis,Mr.He prefered to diagnose the disease by watching,snuffing,inquiring,pressing all together,not only by felling the pulse.Mr.He differentiated symptoms and signs,emphasizing on both six meridians differentiation and syndrome differentiation of triple energizer,he said we should distinguish layers of six meridians when diseases were in the body,and we should draw a clear distinction of triple warmer when diseases were in the organs.Mr.He was called as the most important figure in the Shang Han of Shao School by later generations.Du Tong-jia said Mr.He studied on TCM for 40 years,especially famous for curing cold pathogenic diseases.Mr.He was thought as outstanding person in the district of Shaoxing. He Lian-chen's representative work of warm disease theory was Chong Ding Guang Wen Re Lun.Mr.He inherited and developed the acamedic thoughts of warm disease theory,his representative work was Chong Ding Guang Wen Re Lun.The author had made a form to make further statistic analysis on the academic substance of this book,comprising of medical scientists's names,book title,life spans of medical scientists,representative works,academic feature,theory for prescription,quotations etc.By revising this book,Mr.He had added 7 paragraphs to it,as follow:Discussion on the warm diseases existing in four seasons;Discussion on the difference between warm disease of insidious pathogenic factors and diseases caused by exogenous pathogenic factor;Discussion on that warm diseases were insidious pathogenic factors;Discussion on the treatment of the warm disease of basic syndrome; Discussion on the treatment of warm disease of sequel syndrome;Discussion on warm disease of pediatrics;Using Empirical formula flexibly.Mr.He cited at least 130 medical scientists's academic thoughts,medical cases and formulas,such as Ye Tian-shi's Wai Gan Wen Re Lun,Wang Meng-ying's Wen Re Jing Wei,Wu Ju-tong's Wen Bing Tiao Bian,Shao Bu-qing's Wen Du Bing Lun,Xue Shou-yin's Shou Yin Yi Hua,Wang Jie-zhai's Ming Yi Za Zhu,Cao Ren-bo's Ji Zhi Tang Yi An.He had greatly enriched the warm disease theory and contents.This book was thought as the more important development of warm disease theory in systematicness,theoric aspects and comprehensiveness.Firstly,Mr.He had put forward the idea that warm diseases exist in four seasons,which had greatly enlarge the category of warm disease theory;Secondly,He elucidated the difference between warm disease which caused by insidious pathogenic factors or by exogenous pathogenic factor;Thirdly,Mr.He perfected the holonomic system of syndrome differentiation and treatment of insidious febrile disease:one cause of a disease;two cardinal guides;Fourthly categories.Mr.He had educed 9 methods of diagonosis of child' s warm disease,developed the 5 methods of Dai Tian-zhang,such as sweat, purgate,reconcile,cool,tonify into 8 methods,such as sweat, expectorate,purgate,reconcile,warm,cool,slake,tonify.Fifthly,He added empirical formulas of famous physicians from the ancient time to nowadays,and empirical formulas of his tutor Fan Kaizhou to this book,the formulas of warm disease increased from 83 to 320.Sixthly,Mr.He put forward the method of diagnosis which we should grasp the pathogenesis before the appearance of symptom of diseases.Chong Ding Guang Wen Re Lun was widely used as teaching materials of warm disease theory in modern times.In addition,Mr.He also compiled those book,such as Shi Wen Shi Yi Zhi Liao Fa,Quan Guo Ming Yi Yan An Lei Bian,Ye Tian Shi Yi An An,Zeng Ding Shi Bing Lun etc.Mr.He played an important part in the development of warm disease theory in modern times for his contribution.The book which named Wen Bing Xue compiled by Peng Sheng-quan emphasized on discussing He Lian-chen's contribution to the warm disease theory.A distinguished physician named Zhang Shan-lei praised him"parallel with Wang Meng-ying and Lu Jiu-zhi with pride".Characteristic diagnosis and treatment in clinicThis paper will make a comprehensive summary of his characteristic diagnosis and treatment in clinic.Mr.He diagnosed disease by methods of watching,snuffing,inquiring,pressing.Especially watching the eyes to inspect the wax and wane of vitality and Qi.Inquiring about patient's urine and stool,he introduced the way of western medicine to examine urine.Felling the pulse,he said there were no fixing situation of the pulse,applying it flexibly.He also emphasized on pressing the chest and abdomen,felt the change of Xu Li point to examine the change of visceras.He treated diseases which were caused by exogenous pathogenic factor,stressing on enducing the evil factor from interior to exterior,and treated diseases according to the humid climate of Shaoxing.The herbal prescription should be mild and most were fresh herbs.In addition,Mr.He had established the unified medical case form,comprising of disease sources,symptom,location of disease, pathological changes,diagnosis,treatment,prescription,nurse.He established the standard model of medical record of TCM.With regard to the relation of TCM and Western Medicine,He hold the opinion that both TCM and western medicine had its own advantage and defects respectively.We should differentiate them in theory,methods,treatment and medicine,and harmoniously blend them in the respects of diagnosis,differentiation of symptoms and signs,treatment.Discuss on He Lian-chen's experience of treatmentsThe author has arranged Mr.He's treatment methods on those diseases,such as otopyorrhea associated with fever and chills,Shang Han of red diaphragm,phlegm and decoction,hemorrhagic diseases,swelling and dropsical,parasitic.For examples,Mr.He treated otopyorrhea associated with fever and chills by internal and external therapy,Shang Han of red diaphragm.Mr.He discussed on the diagnosis and treatment of phlegm syndrome with six evils,such as wind,cold,humid,humid heat,dryness and fire,and phlegm with dizzy,syncope syndrome,swelling,junction,asthma,dryness,crewels,concentration,diaphragm etc.He had greatly enriched the methods of treatments on phlegm.Mr.He also discussed on the treatment of hemorrhagic diseases,he praised highly on the Wang Qing-ren's therapeutic methods which treated by differentiation of symptoms and signs of triple warmer.He treated the bleeding by using Tang Rong-chuan's methods,as follow:The first step was to stop bleeding;the second step was to dispersing blood stasis;The third step was to pacify the meridians.The fourth step was to reinforce deficiency.Mr.He also discussed on the treatment of non-traumatic hemorrhage,Coughing up blood,haematemesis,sptting blood,bleeding in teeth,hemafecia,bleeding in urinary bladder.He considered that haematemesis and sptting blood should distinguish from being treated by liver or by lung,and hemafecia could be caused by six evils.Comparing with predecessor,there was new cognition in the theory.Mr.He used major length to discuss on swelling,dropsical and parasitic.He cited 39 predecessor's experiences of treatment,such as Ye Tian-shi,Zhang You-shan,Chen Wu-zhe,Zhang Shou-pu,Wang Shi-shan and Lin Pei-qin etc,using 109 prescriptions,including He Lian-chen's empirical formulas.This provide us with principle,methods,foumulas and medicine of treatments on those disesses.Analysis on the He Lian-chen's idea of pursuing studiesHe Lian-chen both emphasized on clinic and theory,was expert in inheriting the experiences of predecessor.He advocated to compile medical books to meet the demand of clinic.The medical books should be conductive to clinic.This characteristic was shown in 30 books,which were revised by He Lian-chen.Mr.He was good at using the information platform of Medical Journal of Shao Xing.He gathered academic thoughts of lots of contemporaneity physicians in this journal,and harmoniously blend those thoughts when using in clinic.Mr.He was expert at applying different academic thoughts flexibly and comprehensively,and cited at least 130 medical scientists from ancient time to nowadays,and he made those thoughts into system.He maintained the viewpoint that we pursue study not only to follow the way of the ancients but also those medical scientists in modern times.He not only could absord different academic thoughts,but also tried to blend TCM with western medicine.He said we must deeperly study Zhong Jing's books,such as Shang Han Lun and Gold Cabinet.The ways of his's pursuing study deserve us deeperly study,learn from him,and use for reference.In addition,we will further discuss on that He Lian-chen how to integrate Shang Han and Warm Diseases theory together.Mr.He inherited the academic thoughts of Shao School of Shang Han,both emphasized on Zhong-jing's Shang Han Lun and Ye Tian-shi's Wen Re Lun,He cited academic thoughts of lots of medical scientists,from ancient to nowadays,especially in Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty,and absorded cotemporary physicians's treatment experiences of exopathy diseases,He integrated those thoughts in the respects of etiology,pathogenesis,location of disease,pathological changes,differentiation of symptoms and signs,treatment determination of exogenous heat syndrome,and further blend Shang Han theory with Wen Bing theory.Mr.He pushed the development of integration of Shang Han and Warm Disease to a great degree and further perfected warm disease theory.He Lian-chen was a famous physician in the modern history of China.