The Black Death And The Social Transformation Of 14～(th)-15～(th)'s Europe

The concept of"devotion"is one of the most fundamental moral codes in Chinese traditional morality. It comes into being as a reflection of a certain social formation in ideology and language with itself embodied as a sense of responsibility as well as actual moralized conductions to other people and the society. As one of the ancient basic moralities, not only does it constitute the central value of Chinese traditional moralities, but also has become a set mode of thinking after long sedimentation in people's mind, and hence holds a key part in Chinese traditional culture.As a conception of morality, the Chinese character"devotion"originates from the Chinese character"center"by extending the meaning of the latter and actually gains pervasive existence in the pre-civilization. At that moment, it means members'submission to and affirmation of the power center held by the leaders of the clang society. Meanwhile, it also carries their expectation and pursuit of political codes which are both fair and impartial.The conception of"devotion"starts off the demands that leaders under the system of military democracy should be impartial while dealing with the public affairs. However, the essence of"devotion"was transformed into loyalty to the king when the era of civilization came. Therefore, the conception of"devotion"exists for long as a type of political code of morality even though comes into being much later as a Chinese character.It is in the Spring and Autumn Period as well as the Warring States Period that the conception of"devotion"as a political ethics took its final form and hence became prevalent. The change between its subject and object has been basically accomplished in the Warring States Period and gradually stood there as the key political morality. This evolution happened in the conception of"devotion"kept on till the late stage of the Warring States Period, and by the support and confirmation in theory given by Xunzi and Han Fei-zi, it hold the core of political morality which dominates the whole period of feudalism."Devotion", as a political morality, mainly refers to a deep consciousness of state and society for a long time previous to the Qin Dynasty. It is based on...