Investigation For The Cramer Defense Mechanism Manual

Through detailed review on related literatures, the study shows the history, types, characteristics , and the classification of the defense mechanism ,together with some study on it in and outside. At the same time, the content, characteristics,and the domestic research of the thematic apperception test (TAT) is briefly presented . Based on these knowledge, the defense mechanism manual (DMM) is introduced, which is a tool made by Cramer using TAT to appraise the defense mechanism . Besides some review on the research on the reliability and validity of DMM , this study is a further investigation on the distribution of the subscales when each defense mechanism is divided into mature and immature levels , and on the reliability and validity inChina .The conclusions of this study are as follows:1.The reliability of DMM is in high level.2.The validity of DMM is in high level.3.The distribution of most of the scales of DMM is normal.Only when each defense mechanism is devided into mature and immature levels, there are some skew-distributed subscales.4.There are still some problems on the content validity, to solve them , more detailed classification should be presented when the defense mechanism is divided into mature and immature levels.