| During the Anti-Japanese War, Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border region has an important historical mission to provide material support for the war. Therefore, MAO zedong puts forward a general policy of"developing economy and ensuring supplies". Economy in the border region is mainly based on agriculture and all the important supplies to the war food, cloth, cotton, salt are depended on agriculture, thus it is centralized by developing agriculture in order to develop economy of border region. Although border region has some advantages in agricultural development such as the government attaches great importance and support, rich farmland and labor force and so on, there exists some serious problems: drying-up of finance in rural areas, extremely lacking of farmer's finance production, farmers do not suffer from landless, while suffering from weak cultivated. The government in border region directly takes measures to offer agricultural loans for the poor farmers to solve the problems of agricultural development and the need of funds.In order to make the loans institutionalized and standardized, the border area government and bank introduce a series of policies and laws to ensure agricultural loans in order. Such as interim constitution of agricultural loans, agricultural loan constitution in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border region, implementation measures of agricultural loans in 1943 in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border region and so on. There is a large amount of agricultural loans, according to incomplete statistics: in 1941 the amount of agricultural loans is from 23.5 million yuan to 800 million yuan in 1942; in 1943 the amount is from 2780 million yuan (not including loans to Party and government organizations) to one billion yuan in 1944 and 5.99 billion yuan in 1945. Moreover, the government publishes all kinds of loans. According to the use of loans, it is mainly divided into 8 types: cattle loans, farm tools loans, beanstalk loans, cotton loans, textile loans, sericulture loans, seeds loans and water conservancy loans. Because agricultural loans in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border region obtain actual effect quickly and view increasing the product of grain and cotton as premise, the loans are mainly cattle, farm tools, beanstalk and grain and cotton and some farm sideline loans such as textile and sericulture as supplementary one. The ratio of various loans is different. Taking the loans in 1942 for an example, the loans of cattle and farm tools account for 39.1%; the loans of beanstalk, cotton and textile sidelines occupy 28.5%, 23.5% and 8.9% respectively. Agricultural loan is the first case in border region and lacks of necessary experiences, therefore, there unavoidably appear some problems during the issuing process. such as complex procedures, writing loan application, equalitarianism, cadre's corruption. With the exposure of these problems, central committee leaders and the government in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border region not only gradually improve and perfect loan policy and lending method, but also supervise and inspect the loans. Banks in border region establish specific award and penalty laws which prescribe that people have to comply with the rules of agricultural loans and strictly punish those who break the rules.From the implementation process of agricultural loans, it can be seen that agricultural loans have the following 5 characteristics: firstly, its main loan target is poor farmers. Besides, well-found and large amounts of loans is given to poor refugees who is also the loan object; Secondly, agricultural loans actively cooperate with mutual production movement; thirdly, agricultural loans make that financial enterprise in border region is rooted in countryside and serves for farmers. The financial enterprise not only develops economy in rural areas, livens up rural finance and hurt usurers'exaction to peasants, but it also increases trust in borer region currency, stabilizes prices, cements financial enterprise in border regions; fourthly, to some extent, agricultural loans changes class structure of the country in border region. The changes mainly show:"farm-labours almost become self-employed farmers; poor farmers decrease sharply; middle peasants increase manifold. |
