| "Ge wu zhi zhi"first appeared in the Great Learning. Before the Tang Dynasty,therewere few expla nations about it.Zheng Xuan,in Han Dynasty,who expla ned it as"Comething"that with obvious ethical significa nce.Ha n Yu found its theoretica l value in order todebate with Budd hist.Li Ao first put forward the question on"Ge wu zhi zhi".He expla nedthe"Things"as"the things all over the world"and expla ned the investigate ascome.Starting from the relationship between subject and object,He combined theacquiring of knowledge with the acquiring of mora lity.He thought the knowledge was justa tool which acquired mora lity. Philosophers of Song Dynasty In order to oppose theBudd hist reexa mined and reinterpreted the Great Learning.Thus,"Ge wu zhi zhi"becamean core proposition.Si Ma-guang,Ou Yang-xiu,Zha ng za i,Cheng Yi and Cheng Haoput forward some useful expla ins. Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao expla ined more,forexample,what was it,where was its scope,method,goa l. It was the basis of Zhu Xi'sPhilosophy.Different people have different views about the reasons why Zhu paid attention to the"Ge Wu"in the academic feild. There are ma ny comprehensions as follows,the need ofrefusing Budd hism,the need of build ing a body of theory,a method of study,the need ofpaying attention to society problem,a nd so on. Zhu's"Thing"has comprehensiveconnotations,the first one was everything on earth,the second one was the matter or object,the last one was the location of the Li. The thing in his mind included not only naturalphenomenon and socia l phenomenon but also the mental phenomenon and the mora lbehavior,Zhu objected the view which thought"Ge Wu"as"defend ing thing"and"contacting thing".He defined"Ge Wu"as approached thing,obtained the truth,fina lly letthe truth to everything.The core of the Zhu's"Ge Wu"was obtained the truth,the mea ns of"Ge Wu",the requirement of the Zhu's"Ge Wu"was let the truth to everything.Zhu's"Zhi"had two expla nations. One expla nation was the capability of researching world ofoutside. The other expla nation was the knowledge which came from our activity ofrecognizing the world.Zhu inherited Zha ng Za i's idea.Zhu's Knowled ge was divided intothe knowledge what we can obtain by eye and ear and the mora lity knowledge.When theywere put into the method of the studying, he regarded"respecting virtue"as important as "pursuing knowledge", neither of them can be neglected.Through the partial knowledge ofthe mortality,accumulating and extend ing gradua lly, to achieve complete knowledge ofvirtue to achieve complete knowledge of virtue , then conserving virtue and restoring thehearts of "bright virtue". As for perfection,which was done by Zhu inquiring to achieve."Ge wu zhi zhi"was not only related to the mea ns of studying but also to the key supportpoints of entire theory system, to be a brid ge that has always been crosscutting philosophy.Zhu believed that through the realization of natural science in specific things,we canachieve on the ma nagement of li that from one essence.But the mea ns of knowledge of thespecific things is"Ge wu zhi zhi",Zhu Xi's"Ge wu zhi zhi"is the inheritance anddevelopment of the tradition of knowledge of the Confucia n, and has importantsignifica tion in aspects of communication of metaphysic and physics .But Zhu Xi's"Gewu zhi zhi"emphasized inquiring things to pursuit Li, resid ing respect and understa ndingLi,"Pa n View Expo", studying to understa nd li, it easy to make the scholars to stress"Qiong li", hard study in the knowledge and debate,to be lost in the dogmatism ofdetaching acknowledge of virtue from practice .Yang ming's"Ge wu"stemed from reflection of Zhu's"Ge wu".Yangming alsobelieved in the mea ns of"Ji wu qiong li"in his youth , the failing experience of "ba mboolattice" led him to take the road of requesting rationa lity within reflexivity. In his view,"Ren Yi Li Zhi"is not only a objective mora l norm but also it must be everyone's mora lstandards from the heart. Yang ming's understa nding of "things" is to enter objects of"Audio-visua l word action", but also the materia ls of behavior under the guida nce ofconsciousness, such as the practice filia l piety under the concept of filia l filia l piety. Since"nothing outside the Heart","Ge wu" becomes the"Zheng xin ",while the Zheng xin isclosely related to the sincerity.Sincerity is to like good and dislike evil, to keep good andto dispose evil."Zhi"of Reaching knowledge and understa nding refered to Conscience inYang Ming's theory .Areas of the doctrine of conscience was the core and cornerstone inYangMing's theory, conscience was very rich in mea ning: conscience is the virtue oforigina lity, the mora l conscience was the innate sense of conscie nce, is basis in the worldof significa nce. In the Yang ming's theory, Reaching knowledge and understa nding is notto explore the objective law, but Implement the justice of the inherent on events,realms ofconscience that caused my heart, realms of consc ience that caused my heart also mea ns practice according to conscience, knowledge and action. The ultimate cause of conscienceis the realm of saints, saints is the ultimate goal of Yang Ming's conscience theory. Ifconscience is the mora l foundation of the Yang ming, conscience is the way to achievebody conscience. Conscience is the most mature and the most important theory in YangMing's theory, marking the completion of its system of Mind. Yangming's"Ge wu zhizhi"given subject great initiative and activity in mora l training aspect,has provided for thema in body reasonable and the feasible mora l training mecha nism, formed the training todiscuss, the epistemology and the ontology circle friend ly architecture, has achieved ethicsand the nature, the ma in body with the object consistency. However, Yang's"Ge wu zhizhi"lacks of the requirements of li outward Completely, becomes blind inward the mindin the right way realizes from experience,it easy to talk into a virtual Xuan Kong, notwithout flaws. Although the aim of Zhu Zi and Yang Ming's theory turns over to achievegoals of mora l training and achievements saints persona lity, but there is a clear differencein the ontology. Logical starting point of Zhu's is li ,but Heart body namely conscience isYang ming's logica l starting point,Zhu insisted that "Ge wu zhi zhi" as the cognitiveapproach to find justice and to guide behavior act as a mora l principle, this rationa listicapproach roads to ma ximum undertaking the mission of socia l mora ls adjustment.Yangming based on judgement of "nothing outside the Heart," "nothing outside theHeart," "Hea rt unreasonable," the thesis work directly through the cause of consciencefound in the hearts of conscience, to overcome the shortcomingsof "for the twopsychological" of Zhu Xi's theory, fully affirmed equal in virtue and autonomy infulfillment virtue of huma n, dual admited the huma n nature and mora lity in the mora lcapacity to make a highlight on the subject. the difference of efforts theory in Zhu Zi andYang Ming's"Ge wu zhi zhi"reflected in the difference between ethics and mora lcharacter, the difference between ethics and virtue ethics concept, the difference betweenprinciple of rationa l determination and the will voluntarily, and so on. In a word, thedifference of work order between them dues to the difference between ontologyconstruction and understa nding of mora l basis. Combing and Expla ining of the questionof"Ge wu zhi zhi"enters a critica l period in Wang fu zhi's theory. His answer to thisquestion reflected an unprecedented theory of depth, provided some opportunity for thecontemplation of advantages and failures of Songming Neo-Confucia nism. The expla nations of"Ge wu zhi zhi"are different between Zhu Xi andYangming.Through their hard work in theory,it also has enlightenments for people of ourtimes in the relation between knowledge and mora lity , to achieve the unity of knowledgeand seeking mora lity, and promote the mora l education and mora l training. |
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