Effects And Mechanisms Of Seabuckthorn Seed Oil Fat Emulsion On Intravenous Nutritional Support In Animals With Nutrition Deficiency Or After Severe Burn

ObjectiveIntravenous nutrition(IVN),also known as parenteral nutrition(PN),is the therapeutic strategy of choice for nutritional support of patients with severe intestinal failure.Fat emulsions constitute the main source of fuel calories and fatty acids(FAs) in intravenous nutrition formulations.Lipids are an energy-dense source of fuel calories (~~9kcal/g) compared with proteins and carbohydrates(both ~~4 kcal/g).It is generally recommended in clinical practice that the lipid supply should provide 15-30%of the total calorie intake,or 30-50%of nonprotein calories.And then fat emulsions provide essential fatty acid(EFA) which is indispensable for membrane and cell metabolism but can't be produced by synthesis in body.However,adverse effects on patient outcomes have been attributed to the use of lipids,mostly in relation to impaired immune defenses,altered inflammatory responses and enhanced lipid peroxidations.Over the years,this issue has remained in the limelight,also because technical advances have provided no safeguard against these daunting problems.Nowadays,more and more studies pay close attention to the optimum proportion of emulsion's components.The classic fat emulsions are soybean oil-derived,their high content of n-6 polyunsaturated FAs(PUFAs) and lack of others has been considered a drawback which is responsible for all the adverse effects.So partially replacement of n-6 FA component by less or different bioactive FAs,such as medium-chain saturated FAs(SFAs),n-9 monounsaturated FAs(MUFAs) or n-3 PUFAs,may be a feasible way to prevents the side effects.Many studies aimed on these,and results were positive.Seabuckthorn seed oil fat emulsion(SOFE),as a novel natural green fat emulsion, is optimum proportion with SFAs,MUFAs and PUFAs.It's ratio of n-3/n-6 PUFAs is about 1/2 to 1/3,a ratio more suitable for patients in stringent state.The incorporated n-3 FAs could against the immunosuppressive action and proinflammatory of the n-6 FAs,while the presence of SFAs and MUFAs reduced the lipid peroxidations relation to excess PUFAs.More important,SOFE contains abundant vitamin,microelement and other physiologically-active compounds.So SOFE can extensively and positively affect many organs and systems.The vitamins,especially VE etc.have a protective effect on biomembrane by the action of anti free redical and anti lipid peroxidation,can reduce the stress injury.Because of active compounds,SOFE can improve the microcirculation and promote the tissue repair and regeneration,meanwhile,can regulate the immunity state and enhance body immunity.All these are beneficial to disease curability and favorable outcome.We work to investigate the intravenous nutritional support effect of SOFE on deficient or burned animals and its mechanism of effect.Materials and MethodsModels of experimental gastric ulcer by acetic acid induced in rats,chronic diarrhea by senna induced in mice and severe burn by pasty solid alcohol were respectively established.Animals were randomly divided to six group:normal control group(N),model control group(C),low dose of SOFE group(S1),high dose of SOFE group(S2),Intralipid positive control group(I) and Omegaven positive control group (O).Then observation of pathological features,metabolism states and determination of the specific indexes of gastric ulcer such as total acid of gastric juice,pepsin activity, ulcer area,nitrogen monoxidum(NO),epidermal growth factor(EGF),of diarrhea such as diarrhoea score,proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA),of burn such as resting energy expenditure(REE),hydroxyproline,microvessel density(MVD), vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),superoxide dismutase(SOD), malondialdehyde(MDA),tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-a),interleukin-1(IL-1), lipopolysaccharide(LPS),diamine oxidase(DAO),were performed after administration.Results1.Intravenous nutritional support effect of SOFE on experimental gastric ulcer rats.(1) SOFE reduced the body weight loss(p＜0.05) and improved the general condition compared with C of gastric ulcer rats. (2) SOFE raised the thymus index(S2,p＜0.05),but little changes in spleen index,and visceral comprehensive coefficient compared with C.(3) SOFE raised the white blood cell count(S2,p＜0.05),red blood cell count(p＜0.05), serum albumin(S2,p＜0.05),serum globulin(p＜0.05),serum total protein(p＜0.05) and total cholesterol(S2,p＜0.05),but decreased the low density lipoprotein cholesterol (p＜0.05) compared with C.(4) SOFE reduced the total acid of gastric juice(p＜0.05),the pepsin activity(p＜0.05), and the ulcer area(p＜0.05) compared with C.(5) SOFE reduced the serum NO(p＜0.05) but raised the serum EGF(S2,p＜0.05) compared with C.2.Intravenous nutritional support effect of SOFE on chronic diarrhea mice.(1) SOFE reduced the body weight loss(p＜0.05) and improved the general condition of chronic diarrhea mice compared with C.(2) SOFE raised the thymus index(S2,p＜0.05),but little changes in spleen index,and visceral comprehensive coefficient compared with C.(3) SOFE raised the plasma triglyeride(S2,p＜0.05) but decreased the total cholesterol(S2, p＜0.05) compared with C.(4) SOFE reduced the diarrhoea score(p＜0.05) on days 1d,3d,5d,7d after administration compared with C.3.Intravenous nutritional support effect of SOFE on burn rats.(1) SOFE reduced the body weight loss(PBD14d,p＜0.05) of burn rats and improved the general condition compared with C.(2) SOFE raised the thymus index(S1 PBD7d,14d,S2 PBD4d,7d,14d,p＜0.05), spleen index(except S1 PBD4d,p＜0.05),and visceral comprehensive coefficient(S1 PBD7d,S2 PBD4d,7d,10d,p＜0.05) compared with C.(3) SOFE raised the white blood cell count(S2 PBD4d,10d,p＜0.05),red blood cell count(S1 PBD4d,p＜0.05),platelet count(S2 PBD4d,10d,p＜0.05) and triglyeride(S2 PBD4d,p＜0.05),but decreased the low density lipoprotein cholesterol(S2 PBD10d, p＜0.05) compared with C.(4) SOFE reversed the high-level REE(S1 PBD4d,S2 PBD4d,7d,10d,14d,p＜0.05) compared with C.(5) SOFE increased the activity of plasma SOD(S1 PBD4d,10d,S2 PBD4d,7d,10d, p＜0.05) compared with C,but meanwhile increased MDA content(S2 PBD1d,4d, 10d,p＜0.05) too.(6) SOFE degraded the level of plasma TNF-a(p＜0.05),IL-1(except S1 PBD10d, p＜0.05) and LPS(S2 PBD4d,7d,10d,p＜0.05) compared with C.(7) SOFE enhanced the activity of small intestine DAO(p＜0.05) compared with C.(8) SOFE elevated the hydroxyproline level of the wound(S2.PBD7d,p＜0.05) compared with C.Conclusion1.There was positive effect of SOFE on experimental gastric ulcer rats.SOFE restrained the invasion factors in ulceration such as gastric acid,pepsase,NO,enhanced protection factors such of EGF which can make promotion of the growth.What's more, SOFE can promote immunity of rats and improve the nitrogen balance state,heighten the body weight.2.There was positive effect of SOFE on chronic diarrhea mice.SOFE can depress senna induced chronic diarrhea,and add nutrition such as EFA and lipovitamin,retrieve the negative nitrogen balance,reduce the body weight loss and tissue injuries. Meanwhile,SOFE can promote immunity level and relieve immunosuppressive state in chronic diarrhea.3.There was positive effect of SOFE on burn rats.SOFE can provide fuel calories for hypso-energy consumption after burn,modulate the metabolism,depress postburn hypermetabolism,retrieve the negative nitrogen balance,and reduce the body weight loss.SOFE can relieve the immunodysfunction and confine the excessive inflammatory reaction after severe burn by depressing the phlegmonosis secretion of TNF-α,IL-1,LPS, etc.Thus raise the persistence.SOFE can enhance the activity of SOD,against lipid peroxidations,relieve the tissue damage.Especially in the intestinal tract,significantly promote the low level activity of DAO after severe burn.