| Background and objective Environmental endorcrine disturbances are a class of exogenous agent, which may influence on natural hormone synthesis,secretion,transportation,binding,affection or remove, those natural hormone in charge of body self-stabilization,reproduction and behavior ,and these agents possess the character of lipophilic, not easily degradation, long term residue and so on . Phthalate Acid Esters is a kind of important fat-soluble organic chemical compounds,one of environmental endorcrine disturbances ,because of ubiquitous application , have led to severe global pollution . PAEs in environment degrade very slowly , people can expose to PAEs by ingestion ,daily expension, medical instrument, which give birth to big influence on animal and human's repoduction and health. Now , many research have demostrate that PAEs can make testicle damage, maledevelopment like cryptorchidism,testicle leyding cell proliferation or emerging adenoma and epididymis dysgenesis , serum androgen level decreased and so on ,but they are all short term ,acute toxical experiments, there are still shortage of long term observation . Prostate, as the biggest sexual gland accessory organ , is one of sexual hormone target organ. Apart from development in embroy time , prostate constantly grow and development after birth. It is a long term process, modulated by sexual hormone in the whole process .but ,how this substance could influence prostate growth and development ,whether it relevant to benign prostatic hyperplasia,prostate cancer happened ,are all not much clear . So , we contrived a study that make rats exposed to different dose PAEs , watch the reproductive system effect on two generation rats. What improtant is to watch prostate growth,development ,and find the chang of prostate grow and develope under the disturbance of EDCs ,which will provide evidence to elucidation of PAEs influence on prostate growth,development's molecule mechanism . Methods To make the first generation(F0) male and female Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats in five weeks age exposed to DEHP by subcutaneous injection. The dose were 50mg/(kg.d),250 mg/(kg.d),500 mg/(kg.d) DEHP/kg body weight(bw)/day respectively ,while the second generation(F1) exposed to DEHP from fourth weeks with the same dosages. The selected endpoints of parental rat included clinical sign ,the change of body weight ,organ quotient , hormonal status, sexual behaviour and fertility, the hisopathological check . and the selected endpoints of offspring rat included clinical sign , the body weight change , anogenital distance, eyes open time and brain weight .Results To compare with the control group ,the body weight growth was inhibited in both F0 and F1 generation parental rats ,the decreased consumption of food were observed in F1 parental rats; In F1 parental rats ,the birth index and alive numbers were significant decreased in high dose group, the mating time reduced in middle dose group; the significant decreased of sperm activity and sperm counting were observed in high dose group, and the serum testosterone concentration was increased in high dose group .the other level of hormone in middle and low group were similar to control .F0 parental rats have similarity organ quotient compared to control ,but in F1 parental rat ,the decreased testis quotient and increased prostate,liver quotient were observed in high dose group . It is illustrated that, in the high dose group,seminiferous epithelum was seriously hurt,spermatogenic cell was atrophy,seminiferous tubules was decreased or disappeared, while prostate gland had partly gland cell proliferation , partly glandular epithelium atrophy , gland cavity enlargement in every dose of F0,F1 parental rats histopathology and had dose dependent. After birth one week ,F1,F2 offspring rats body weight were inhibited in high dose group ,brain quotient was increased. The decreased anogenial distance were observed in high dose group too .Conclusion : (1) DEHP have reproductive toxicity on male rat ,this kind of toxicity will accumulated as the time growing ,and potentiate the next generation more easily to be affected . (2) prostate gland have gland cell proliferation in dose dependent. Background and objective Intraperitoneal bleeding is often happened patients with abdominal trauma and post-operation of abdomen. The quantity of intraperitoneal bleeding , the severity of organ injury are closely relative to the effect of clinical treatment. Apart from physical and laboratory detection, Ultrasound,CT,MRI are commonly used in clinical detection .but they are of advantages and pitfalls. At present, there are still shortage a kind of real-time,sensitive machine to detect and to make known the information of patients with intraperitoneal bleeding in time, hence perform a appropriate treatment . Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a new type of funcational tomography , which take target internal imepadance distribution and change as a image aim. Its fundamental principle is a noninvasive excitation on imaging target by A.C field, and the distribution of internal impedance or its changes can be reconstructed from the voltages measured. Because of none nuclide or X ray, it's harmless to human , and can be detected many times , repeated used. So it is a kind of medical monitoring equipment very fit to monitor human in long-term and constantly as a cheap and harmless detected technique. Our research team monitor intraperitoneal bleeding using EIT by set up an animal model ,observing monitor effect ,to establish the fundament of using the EIT in clinical and spreading it in the future.Methods To set up an intraperitoneal bleeding animal model (1) The piglets weighing from 20 to 30 kg with the abdominal perimeter as human's were chosen as our experimental objects. Under the conduction of ultrasound, we stab in abdominal , placing a catheter on liver lower margin ,then inject anticoagulation blood through the catheter by electrical infusion pump with constant speed respectively, stimulating a state of bleeding in liver region; (2) The piglets weighing from 20 to 30 kg with the abdominal perimeter as human's were chosen as our experimental objects. In left lateral position, 12 500 U heparin was injected into the ear edge vein, and a transfixion pin (G9) was placed onto the surface of liver under the guidance of ultrasound. Liver bleeding was made by a"+"incision on the hepatic tissue. The transfixion pin was withdrawn, and the piglet was in a state of closed intraperitoneal bleeding. We monitor both of the animal model using EIT , observing the effect . To further confirm the result after monitoring ,we dectect the injecting blood or spontaneous bleeding by ultrasound,CT and anatomy.Results The animal model stimulating intraperitoneal bleeding by injecting blood monitor using EIT : (1) Many blood can be found in abdomen by ultrasound,CT and anatomy; (2) Pixel value of EIT target area decreased as the adding of blood ,and impedance image change can be obviously observed. The animal model stimulating intraperitoneal bleeding by spontaneous way monitor using EIT : (1) ignificant images changes were observed by electrical impedance tomography. The target area had color change, which became deeper and larger in area with the time. (2) A lot of non-coagulant blood in abdominal cavity was found in dissection and the"+"incision was found in the surface of liver, remained bleeding.Conclusion (1) The animal model by injecting blood into abdomen can stimulate intraperitoneal bleeding , precise control the speed of bleeding and blood volume. A limpid image we got when monitor using EIT. (2) The animal model by spontaneous way can stimulate intraperitoneal bleeding more like a nature state ,but did not able to control speed and volume of blood. We also got a limpid image when monitor using EIT . |
PDF Full Text Request