| The cardiovascular function of cosmonauts is generally well maintained in space due to adaptational changes. Whereas on returning to 1-G environment of Earth, most of them experience symptoms of orthostatic intolerance lasting from several hours to even several days, depending on duration of microgravity exposure. Besides, upright exercise capacity is also commonly reduced postflight, which is also related to orthostatic intolerance and cardiovascular deconditioning due to microgravity exposure. Marked presyncopal symptoms and frank syncope could seriously or completely impair the crew member's performance during entry, landing, and egress after long-duration spaceflights. However, currently used exercise-based countermeasures have limited success. For future long-duration missions, intermittent artificial gravity (IAG) by incorporating a short arm centrifuge (SAC) into the spacecraft has been suggested as an alternate to continuous artificial gravity (CAG). Before a short-arm centrifuge can in space be tested, the effective countermeasure must be examined. However, there are many difficulties and limitations in human studies. Methodological difficulties are...
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