| Summary of background data Sacrum fracture is a complicated traumawhich seriously threatens people's health. Sacrum fracture results from either direct violence or indirect violence . The former is usually related to harm in the bullet while the latter is caused by great violence, such as traffic accidents and falling down from high places , which is often accompanied by serious injuries of other organs or serious bone fracture of other parts, such as pelvis fracture, lumbar and thoracic vertebral fracture, injury of abdominal organ and so on. The trauma of these parts often covers up the sacrum fracture, so that the rate of missed diagnosis of sacrum fracture amounts to 50% or so in the earlier period; on the other hand, the rate of nerve injury in sacrum fracture reaches 20%~42%, which subsequently causes the disability of bladder, anal sphincter and sexual function, bringing great sufferings to patients. But how to understand and cure this fracture is still in dispute. Although the sacral fracture has been recognized for a long time and the foreign scholars have carried out some researches, these researches are unsystematical. Few studies have focused on the relationship between the area ofthe foramina of sacrum, and the sacral nerve roots of yellow race persons. Object To study the morphological characteristics of foramina of sacrum ofyellow race persons and the anatomic relationship between foramina and nerve roots of sacrum, and then to get the indication of sacral fracture. To establish the role of Ferguson's view in sacrum fractures.Study design Studies of morphological characteristics in cadaveric sacrumand radiologic view are performed, and the results are analyzed with statistics. Then, the operative indication of sacral fracture and method of accurate diagnosis sacral fracture will be established.Methods Fifteen fresh cadaver sacrum were obtained for study from thehealthy adults, involving 11 males and 4 females, whose ages range from 27 to 48 years old with an average of 32. 6. Surrounding musculature and other soft tissue were cleaned, and the nerve roots were reserved. The specimens were stored at -20 D until tested. The morphological characteristics of foramina of sacrum and sacral nerve roots were observed after completely thawed as well as their anatomic relationship. The dimensions of foramina and nerve roots were measured with a caliper. The foramina of sacrum were filled up with Heraplast BC after dissecting in order to obtain the cross section area(CSA) of entrance and exit of sacral foramina. Then, the CSA of entrance and exit of sacral foramina and nerve roots were measured with application software whose name was AutocadrH. Exposing cauda equina after laminectomy, the dural sac ends were reported. Each specimen was taken anteroposterior position and Ferguson's view radiograph to measure the dimensions of exit of sacral foramina. Moreover, the result of radiograph was compared with actuality. Statistics analysis was done with SPSS 10.0 FOR WINDOWS software.Result In fact, compared with the lumbar foramina, the foramina of sacrumwas composed of superior and inferior pedicle of sacral vertebra, which was like canal. From S1 to S4, the transverse diameters of entrance of sacral foramina were 8.5± 1.3mm, 8.4± 1.1 mm, 7.5±1.3mm and 6.1± 1.0mm respectively. The sagittal diameters were 15.1±2.2mm, 13.4±2.5mm, 10.0±2.0mm, 7.1± 1.3mm respectively, and their CSAs 130.1±11.9mm2, 113.5±14.6mm2, 60.9±10.6mm2, 35.7±8.1mm2 respectively. On the other hand, the transverse diameters of entrance of sacral nerve roots were respectively 7.4±0.7mm, 5.7±0.9mm, 3.3±0.7mm, 1.9±0.6mm; 7.8±0.9mm, 6.1±1.0mm, 3.7±0.7mm, 2.0±0.7mm of the respective sagittal diameters as well, and 50.1±7.8mm2, 33.2±8.8mm2, 13.1±4.3mm2, 4.8±1.8rnm2 of CSA. The rate of the sacral nerve roots' aera share the foramina in entrance were about 40%, 30%, 20%, 15% respectively. Likewise, the transverse diameters of exit of anterior sacral foramina were respectively 12.
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