The Study On Hydrochemistry Characteristic In The Process Of Precipitation In The Primitive Korean Pine Forest

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different components of forest ecosystem on water quality during rainfall process. Their chemistry characteristics of the precipitation, stemflow, throughfall through arbor layer, shrub layer, herb layer and litter layer (hereafter throughfall-A, throughfall-S, throughfall-H and throughfall-L, respectively), were studied in three different types forest, i.e. primitive Korean pine forest, artifical Larix gmelinii forest and secondary Betual platyphylla forest. The results were listed as the following.(1) During the study period the pH value was 5.51, the conductivity was 26.0 us/cm, and the order of ions concentration was Ca²⁺＞SO₄^2-＞NO₃^-＞TN＞K⁺＞NH₄⁺＞Cl^-＞Mg²⁺＞Na⁺＞TP＞Fe＞Mn in precipitation, furthermore all the measured content showed the concentration was higher when the rainfall was smaller, and vice versa.(2) The pH value, conductivity, the concentration of main ions(except Na⁺), TP, Fe and Mn were higher than those in precipitation for throughfall-A of three different forest, but only the differences of the pH value, conductivity, SO₄^2- and Fe between throughfall and precipitation were not coincident in three different forest types, whereas pH value, conductivity and the concentration of SO₄^2- were significant higher in the primitive Korean pine forest and the concentration of Fe was significant higher in the artifical Larix gmelinii forest. As for throughfall-A of the primitive Korean pine forest the concentration of N were higher than those in precipitation alone, but only NH₄⁺-N and TN in the primitive Korean pine forest, and NO₃^--N in secondary Betual platyphylla forest differ significantly between throughfall-A and precipitation. The pH value was lower in July and higher in August and September 2007, and in 2008 it was lower in May and higher in July and August. On the whole, monthly distribution of conductivity and most measured ions in the throughfall-As of three different forest were similar to those in precipitation. Negative fluxes were found for NO₃^--N,Ca²⁺(in three different forest types), and Cl^-(in the primitive Korean pine forest) and positive fluxes for TP,Mg²⁺,K⁺(in three different forest types), and NH₄⁺-N,TN,Na⁺,SO₄^2- (in the primitive Korean pine forest) in the net throughfall-A.(3) The pH value was lower only in the stemflow of primitive Korean pine forest than that in precipitation, but insignificantly. In August 2007 and September 2008 the pH value was lower and in 2008 it was the lowest in May and the highest in July. As for the stemflow of three different forest, the conductivity, the concentration of main ions(except Na⁺ in secondary Betual platyphylla forest) were significantly higher than those in precipitation, while the concentration of NH₄⁺-N was lower than that in precipitation. Simultaneously, the concentration of NO₃^--N was higher only in the primitive Korean pine forest, however, the difference of NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N were hardly significant between the primitive Korean pine forest and precipitation. Compared with precipitation, the concentration of TN was higher in three forest types, but the concentration of TP was lower only in secondary Betual platyphylla forest and the difference of TN and TP were insignificant. In addition, the concentration of Fe and Mn were significantly higher in all three forest types than those in precipitation. Furthermore, in respect to the overall monthly distribution of conductivity and most measured ions, the stemflow of three different forest types were similar to precipitation.(4) As for the throughfall-S, the pH value went up with time in three different forest, and for the primitive Korean pine forest, the pH value, conductivity, the concentration of NH₄⁺-N, TN and TP were lower than those in throughfall-A, but only the pH value and the conductivity in the artifical Larix gmelinii forest, and TN in secondary Betual platyphylla forest were significantly different from those in the relative throughfall-A. The concentration of main ions(except Na⁺ and Cl^-), NO₃^--N, Fe and Mn were higher than those in throughfall-A of three different forest types, and comparing the two layered throughfall, only K⁺,Mg²⁺,din the artifical Larix gmelinii forest, and Cl^-in the primitive Korean pine forest were significantly different. On the whole, monthly distribution of conductivity and most measured ions in the throughfall-S of three different forest types were similar to those in precipitation. Positive fluxes were found for NO₃^--N,SO₄^2-,Mg²⁺,K⁺ (in three different forest types), and Na⁺(in the artifical Larix gmelinii forest) and negative fluxes for NH₄⁺-N,TN,TP(in the primitive Korean pine forest), and Ca²⁺ and Cl^-(in secondary Betual platyphylla forest) in the net throughfall-S.(5) Compared with those in the relative throughfall-S, in throughfall-H, the pH value, the conductivity, the concentration of Na⁺,Mg²⁺,SO₄^2- and TP were higher in three different forest types, in addition, the concentration of K⁺ in secondary Betual platyphylla forest, Ca²⁺,Cl^-,NH₄⁺-N,TN and Fe in the artifical Larix gmelinii forest and NO₃^-N in the primitive Korean pine forest were lower, respectively, and the concentration of Mn in the primitive Korean pine forest was higher. However, the differences of pH value and Cl^- were not coincident among three different forest types and the differences were significant only in secondary Betual platyphylla forest. The pH value went up with time, and was the lowest in May. On the whole, monthly distribution of conductivity and most measured ions in the throughfall-H of three different forest were all similar to those in precipitation. Positive fluxes were found for NH₄⁺-N,NO₃^--N,TN,Cl^-( in secondary Betual platyphylla forest), TP,Mg²⁺(in the primitive Korean pine forest) and negative fluxes for Na⁺( in the artifical Larix gmelinii forest), and Ca²⁺,SO₄^2-,K⁺(in three different forest types) in the net throughfall-H. (6) Compared with those in the throughfall-H, in throughfall-L of all three different foresttypes, the conductivity, the concentrati(?)of K⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,NO₃^--N,TN and Fe werehigher, and the concentration of NH₄⁺(?)as lower. Simultaneously, the concentration ofthe pH value, Cl^- and TP were lower only in the artifical Larix gmelinii forest, theconcentration of Na⁺ and SO₄^2-were hi(?) only in the primitive Korean pine forest, andthe concentration of Mn was lower only(?)secondary Betual platyphylla forest. However,the difference of the pH value, Cl^-, the c(?)uctivity, K⁺ and SO₄^2- between both the layeredthroughfall were not coincident among three different forest types, just as the difference ofthe pH value and K⁺ were not signif(?) in the artifical Larix gmelinii forest but thedifference of the conductivity, Cl^- and SO₄^2- were significant in the primitive Korean pineforest. Monthly distributions of all m(?)red ions presented clear difference betweenthroughfall-L and precipitation due to th(?)ects of litter's composition and decomposition.Negative fluxes were found for NH₄⁺(?) three different types) and positive fluxes forother ions(in three different types) in the(?)throughfall-L.