Transformation Of Manure In Soil And Effect On The Growth Of Organic Vegetable

In the organic agriculture production system, manure is used to fatten up the land, and to satisfy the need of plant growth. There are lot of organic wastes in the organic farming garden that may become the manure source. Currently, the technique of using manure to produce organic vegetable was not perfect. Excessive quantity of manure was used for the purpose of consuming organic wastes sometimes. That not only has direct influence on crop but also result in soil pollution. Combining the plot and sand filter experiment, a study on the transformation of three manures and the effects of the fertilizer on the growth and quality of organic vegetable and on soil environment was carried out in Beijing suburb.Main research results are as follows:1. Compared to CK, soil organic carbon increased in all treatment. The commercial manure (J) treatment got the highest organic carbon content, which was obviously higher than common manure (P) and biomass waste fertilizer (z).The difference between P and Z was not obviously. Because the decay of straw was easier than manure, the rank of decomposition rate of three treatments was P>Z>J and humification coefficient was J>Z>P. The decomposition rate was very fast in the first 180 days, then it decreased step with the experiment continuing. Manure can raise the total content of humin acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA). Especially stimulate the formation of HA that was the active part of the soil humus,and also raise the HA/FA ratio. The results were similar to that of plot experiment. There are three commercial manure levels in the field experiment, and soil organic content increased with the raising of fertilizer level.2. Manure can obviously promote the growth tomato and celery. The stalk diameter, flower number, plant height and plant FW of tomato increased compared to CK. Manure can stimulate tomato and celery to form chlorophyll of tomato, and statistically increase the yield of tomato and celery. The moderate treatment for all of the tested vegetable was 45.0 t/hm2.All three Manures can evidently increase the soluble solids (ss) and Vitamin c (Vc) in tomato and the moderate treatment was the best treatment .There was no obvious different between three organic fertilizes for the soluble sugars content (SSC).But it was sure that moderate amount organic fertilize should increase the ratio of SSC/ TA (total acid).3. Using GC-MS method, 30 kind flavor compounds whose relative content was more than 1% were checked out. There were 9 compounds that frequency was relatively concentrative. Their relative content and total content was very different between treatments. The raising of fertilizer quantity should increase both of the content. None of them were checked out in CK. There were 5 character impact compounds in tomato fruit according to the results. The order of identified compounds number for the treatments was J-high level and CK (1compound) < J- low level (2 compounds) J- low level > J- middle level> P>J-high level> CK. The 2-Hexenal content was negative related to commercial manure level.4. The result shown that continuously using manures can't increase the nitrate quantity in soil and vegetable. After 2 years experiment the nitrate content in tomato did not increase obviously, compared to CK. All the nitrate content in tomato and celery was below the limitation of national standard. The content of nitrate was increased with the raising of fertilizer level. Soil nitrate of all the fertilized treatment was obviously higher than CK. But the quantity decreased with the increasing of rotation time and input manure to soil .The difference of nitrate content in surface was relative outstanding compare to that in deep soil. But there was no obvious law between treatments. The distribution of nitrate in soil profile was affected by the plant cultivated. Celery mainly absorbed nitrate from surface soil (in 30cm) and tomato mainly from subsoil.5. Content of heavy metals in soil and vegetable all increased after input manure to soil. But the content of all heavy metals in edible part of celery and tomato was below the limitation of national standard. However, some heavy metals in celery root were above the national standard. The distribution order of Cu,Cd,Pb and Cr in celery was roots>leave>stem; Zn was leave>root>stem. With the increasing of fertilization, the content of heavy metals in roots was raised. In celery roots, Cu and Zn content were all below the limitation of national standard for all treatment. Cd in J-high and P were above the national standard. Cr was above the standard for all treatments. Pb was below the limitation of national standard only in the treatment of J-low.