Study On The Safety Of The Artificial Lake Environment In North Golf Courses

Investigating six representative golf courses in Beijing and Tianjin, and then detect the pesticide residues of six pesticides which are used most frequently in these golf courses. They are chlorpyrifos, phoxim, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, chlorothalonil,2,4-D butylate. According to the different positions, the different opened years, the different pesticide application, the different construction techniques and different sampling seasons, using principal component analysis to find out the most important factors which caused these residue results, analyzing current management status of these golf courses and existing problems, using biological monitoring to detect nitrofuran metabolites, methyl-testosterone, chlorpyrifos, arsenic and mercury residues of crucian carps in one golf course, meanwhile, comparing the residue results with the marketing carps and Miyun reservoir carps. The results of the experiment are as follows:1. In the detected water samples, chlorpyrifos was detected only in the golf course A, the detection was 0.008 mg/kg; chlorothalonil was detected in six golf courses, the detectable amount was between 0.001 mg/kg and 0.075 mg/kg; cypermethrin was detected in golf course D, the detectable amount was 0.002 mg/kg; deltamethrin was detected in golf course C,D and E, the detectable amount were 0.005 mg/kg, 0.0002 mg/kg and 0.0001 mg/kg respectively. The results showed that chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, cypermethrin and deltamethrin were detected in water samples which were lower than the detection limits set by MHW about the maximum detection limits of pesticides in water emissions; the test results were also lower than Chinese water quality standards of pesticide residues limits of livestock drinking in China (0.01 mg/kg).2. In the detected lake sediment samples, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, deltamethrin were all detected in six golf courses, chlorpyrifos was detected between 0.008 mg/kg and 0.06 mg/kg; cypermethrin was detected between 0.004 mg/kg and 0.077 mg/kg; deltamethrin was detected between 0.004 mg/kg-0.031 mg/kg.3. Among the six detected pesticides, both phoxim and 2,4-D butylate in water and mud samples were not detected, which were caused by their own characteristics of pesticides, the half-life of pesticides and the application. Phoxim is very unstable in, easy to break down, and break down quickly in the soil, its half-life is very short. In the six golf courses, average annual application of 2,4-D butylate was less than other pesticides, the average annual application amount of the six golf courses was around 20 kg.4. Analyzing the pesticide residue results with principal component analysis.The results showed that the amount of pesticide application was the main factor, the pH values of lake water and the opened years also had a major impact on the detection results. In view of this, the golf course managers could refer to the findings of experiment in the the future management, control the application amount to optimize the current management measures, which would maintain good turf quality even maintain the golf course environment.5. The residues of arsenic and mercury were detected both in the artificial lake, the market and the Miyun reservoir. Arsenic and mercury was 0.17μg/kg and 0.036μg/kg in golf course A, in the market, arsenic and mercury was 0.0093μg/kg and 0.028μg/kg, and they were 0.055 mg/kg, and 0.020 mg/kg in Miyun reservoir. Arsenic residue in the artificial lake may be related to the use of pesticide and fertilizer which contained arsenic. Mercury levels was more consistent among the carps of the the golf course, the market and Miyun reservoir. Slightly alkaline of lake water, small ages of the crucian carps are the main reasons for the low mercury content of the carps in golf course, which may be related to fish species and other relevant physical and chemical properties of water. Golf course turf maintenance and management should strictly control the amount of pesticide application, especially the application of pesticides and fertilizers containing arsenic; monitoring course artificial lake water quality regularly, establishing environmental monitoring system in order to minimize the impact on the environment.