Detection Of Pb²⁺ In Tap Water At Boron-doped Diamond Electrodes With Anodic Stripping Voltammetry

The important role that heavy transition metals play in environmental chemistry and public health is widely recognized. Among these metal ions, Pb²⁺ is of great concern both because of the high toxicity of its compounds, and accumulation in various organisms. Furthermore, lead is frequently used as a material for water supply pipes, and tap water that has been in contact with a lead pipe for a long time (e.g., overnight) can contain relatively high amounts of lead. For these reasons, it has become increasingly important to monitor lead in drinking water.At present, lead in tap water is mainly measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) or atomic adsorption, but promising results have been also obtained by using ion chromatography techniques. Although these methods are highly sensitive, they are not suitable for extensive use because they require expensive and cumbersome equipment.Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) is inherently a very sensitive method and its use for trace analysis of heavy metals is well substantiated. Several techniques of ASV have been successfully employed for lead detection, but most of them involved either hanging mercury drop electrodes, or mercury film electrodes. Nevertheless, due to obvious toxicity considerations, mercury-free analytical systems for lead determination are currently sought. Conductive diamond represents an electrode material that has attracted great interest in electroanalysis, due to its outstanding electrochemical features: wide potential window in aqueous solutions, low background current, long-term stability of the response and low sensitivity to dissolved oxygen. These unique properties of the polycrystalline diamond, together with its extreme robustness, strongly recommend this material as very well suited for stripping voltammetry analysis of Pb²⁺ in tap water.Therefore, if we combine the diamond film electrode preparation with detecting trace levels of lead by linear-sweep anodic stripping voltammetry. It can not only advance energy utilized efficiency, but also simple and reduce the cost,have practical analytical utility.The present article introduces the relative knowledge about different methods of detecting trace levels of lead, That emphasizes the process of the ASV and the working electrode. Then, it introduces the relevant knowledge of diamond film electrode preparation and token, including exploring its growth influence, craftwork parameter etc. Lastly, it studies the electrochemistry character of diamond film, in order to put diamond film electrode in analysis of Pb²⁺ in tap water. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes were used to investigate the possibility of detecting trace levels of lead by linear-sweep anodic stripping voltammetry. The low limit of detection (2 nM) is an advantage compared to other electrode materials, and it was found that at low PH values, copper concentrations that are usually present in drinking water do not affect to a large extent the detection of lead. These findings recommend anodic stripping voltammetry at the BDD electrodes as a suitable mercury-free method for the determination of trace levels of lead in drinking water. The results obtained for the lead detection in tap water real samples are in excellent agreement with those found by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), demonstrating the practical analytical utility of the method.