| With the rapid development of economy and the increase of population, the global water crisis arose and is becoming more and more serious, which has aroused great attention of people. As for China, the water problems are flood, arid and water-short, water ecology and environment deteriorate, etc. As water pollution and water waste exist with water short, a serious conflict of water supply and demand arise, accompanied with a series of water ecological problem.Especially, in north China, the emergence of some water problem such as the break of the Yellow river denotes that water will become the greatest resources problem that restrict the development of society in the 21st century, especially, the conflict of water short will become more obvious. How to allocate water resources optimally and improve the efficiency of water utilization as to use water continually is not only the primary task of our country's water conservancy, but also a serious project of the academia.In China, The problem of optimal allocation of water resources was put out in 1990s when the water short and water pollution became very serious. Its theory is still in developing theses days. The traditional allocation of water does not put enough concern upon environment and ecology, it emphasizes water saving but ignores efficiency, highlights the water allocation in areas lack of water but ignores the utilization efficiency areas abundant of water, emphasizes the efficiency of allocation but ignores the rationalization of water use inside the industry. These problems affect the economic development of a region and the sustainable use of water. Therefore, the study of optimal allocation of water, especially the study of new theories and new methods are very important. On the basis of having studied the current theories of water allocation, this paper combines the optimal allocation of water with Sustainable Development and treats sustainable development as its guidance.Discuss the basic the in detail conception, theory and methods of water optimal allocation, put the allocation into the system of society-economy-water resources- ecologic al environment, try to emphasize the idea of water allocation relates to society, economy and ecological environment tightly. Take the integrate benefit of economy, society and environment as the object, put up a optimal allocation model oriented sustainable development. In the model, embody the criterion of sustainable development as possible, and try to quantify the harmony of economic development versus water use and environment improvement. Moreover, study the Genetic Algorithm and apply it to the solution of the optimal model. In the end, take the example of Xiamen city, carry out the optimal allocation of water. The main contents of this paper include:(1) Chapter 1, Introduction. Introduce the study background of optimal allocation of water, point out the meaning of the study, and summarize the history and current status of the theories.(2) Chapter 2, Water and the sustainable development. Introduce briefly the theory of sustainable development, analyze the character and problem of our country's waterresources, and study the relation between water and sustainable development.(3) Chapter 3, theories of water optimal allocation.Proceeding with the basic conception of water optimal allocation and the necessity, this chapter discuss the main study contents, the basic principles, the allocation methods, and the objects of water optimal allocation. Furthermore, discuss in detail the realizing system of the optimal allocation, and discuss the allocation system and some balance relation. In the end, summarize the main theories of water optimal allocation and the developing direction of the theory.(4) Chapter 4, the optimal model of water allocation. On the basis of discussing the target system of the sustainable development-oriented optimal allocation, that is the synthetic system of society, economy, water resources and environment, put up the sustainable development-oriented optimal allocation mode...
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