Studies Of Bryophyte Biomonitoring Of Heavy Metal Pollutions And Their Change In Shanghai City, China

Bryophyte is widely accepted as one of the most susceptible indicators for monitoring air pollution due to its characteristics of sensitivity, accuracy and directness. It has been widely applied to the monitoring and indication of environments and their change for one area or city. The environment and it's change in Shanghai had called more and more attention as it is the largest and rapidly developed city in China. The moss Haplocladium plants were selected as the experimental material. By means of AAS analysis method, the contents of Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd, Cr in Haplocladium plants at different sites in Shanghai were analyzed to monitor and study the status and it's change of heavy metal pollution in Shanghai. The main results are as follows:(1) The analysis and comparison of the contents of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr in the plants of 13 different species of bryophytes at Sheshan Mt. on three different habitats were carried out. The results showed that different species of bryophytes had different adsorptive ability to the same metal, and the same bryophyte had different adsorptive ability to the different heavy metals. It is suggested that the moss Haplocladium could be used as bioindicator in monitoring for the heavy metal pollution in Shanghai.(2) By means of AAS method, the contents of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr in moss Haplocladium plants and corresponding soils at 11 monitoring sites in Shanghai city was measured. The correlations of the heavy metals'contents between the moss plants and the soil as well as the concentration of PM10 in the air were analyzed. The results indicated that some correlations were existed in the in Haplocladium plants and corresponding soils, but there were more prominent correlations between the contents in Haplocladium plants and the oncentration of PM10. It is suggested that the concentration of PM10 could be monitored by measuring the heavy metals'contents in moss plants such as Pb.(3) The contents of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr in moss Haplocladium plants at 31 monitoring sites in Shanghai city were measured by means of AAS method. The relationship between the contents of heavy metals in the plants and environment factors were analyzed with Ward's Minimum Variance Method. The results indicated that the 31 monitoring sites could be divided into four groups of sites with different degree of heavy metal pollution, and there were some correlations to the degree of environmental pollution. By means of Kriging method, the isoline distribution maps of the heavy metals'contents were made. The maps showed that the heavy metal pollutions were evident accordant to the distribution pattern of the industry in the city.(4) For study of the change of environmental heavy metal pollution in Shanghai, the moss Haplocladium specimens, which collected in 1965, 1970(1974-1976), 1980(1978-1982), 2005 respectively at 16 different sites, were sampled from Shanghai Natural Museum. By means of AAS method, the contents of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr in all the moss plants of historical specimens and fresh materials collected in 2005 were measured. The changes of concentrations of the heavy metals especially in Sheshan Mt., Jin Shan Petrochemical Plant and the 4 representative sites of Shanghai were analyzed with Kriging method, Two-Factor analysis of variance and Linear regression analysis respectively. The results showed that the concentrations of the 5 heavy metals at all sample sites increased gradually from 1965 to 2005, and the increasing rate was Cr>Cu>Cd>Pb>Zn. The heavy metal concentrations were distinctly associated with local emission point sources and changes in emission levels, and the major emission sources in Shanghai were the industry and traffic.The present research provides not only scientific evidences for the evaluation of status of heavy metal pollution and spatio-temporal change in Shanghai, but also the technique and methods for monitoring environmental quality and change by bryophytes in cities. The results farther show that bryophyte is one kind of good biomonitoring plants. The bryophytes could be used not only for monitoring the heavy metals pollution status, but also the long-term monitoring of the change of environment with a wide foreground.