| This paper is a study on the system taxonomy of the Pheidole and Aphaenogaster( Hymenoptera :Formicidae :Myrmicinae) in China.The paper gives a general review of the history and present study of these two genera at home and abroad and describes the morphological and biological characters of Pheidole and Aphaenogaster in China. The phylogeny and evolution of 6 species of Pheidole was analyzed by molecular experiment.The specimens used in this study come from the collection of Guangxi Normal University, and the auther or other colleagues collected from Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Hainan, Hebei, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Shanxi, Jiangxi, Henan provinces. Through collection and analysis of the references, 43 species, 7 subspecies, belong to Pheidole and 24 species, 1 subspecies belong to the Aphaenogaster were identified and given morphological characters. Among them 2 species are new to science, i.e. Peidole wuzhishna sp. nov. and Aphaenogaster inspina sp. nov., 1 species, Pheidole ryukyuensis Ogata, is new to China.The new species Pheidole wuzhishana sp. nov. is different from other species of the genus in China by promesonotal dome with a pair of stout tri-pyramid form processes in the soldiers, and the workers' promesonotal dome with a pair of long spines. Another new species Aphaenogaster inspina sp. nov. has no propodeal spine which is different from others species of the genus in China. It is simile to A.edentula Eguchi but with its head posteriorly produced and constrcted forming a cylindrical neck or collar.Keys to the species of the two genera are also presented in the paper.We used the protein enzyme K method to get the genome DNA, studied the Cytochrome b DNA by PCR sequencing technical, analyzed these data with software(including ClustalXl.83,MEGA3.1)and discussed the kinship and class status of Pheidole.Manicuring the data, we have got 360 bp long DNA. The nucleotide acid composition is like this :T,C,A,G 40.1%,20.0%,31.9% and 8.0%.The A+T containing is evidently higher than the G+C, as the result in other insects.There are 233 constant sites, 127 variable sites, the parsimony-informative site is about 60, singleton sites 67. The conversions between two species showed that the frequency of transition is larger than that of transversion. The theorem of the mean of TS/TV is 1.2 .The transversion often occurs between C and T and the transition is likely to appear between A and T. The conversion in the third site is more often than the first and second site of the codon.25 had aberrance in the 120 amino acid sequences, with the variance ratio of 20.8%. All amino acid were found in all the species except Cys. The follows are of higher content: Ile 15.58%, Leu 11.82%, Phe 10.57%.The phylogenetic trees of Pheidole construted by NJ and MP method showed that P. smythiesii with 4-segmented club of antenna, is no far away from the relationship with those with 3-segmented club species(most of Pheidole species are 3-segmented).P. ocellate which has ocellate on the occipital, is also no far away from the relationship with P. noda and P. smythiesii. P. culcaticep is similar to P. yeensis in morphological characters, but the former no more closer to the later than to P. feae in molecular systematic.
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