Identification Of The APP/PS1 Double Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model And The Relation Between BMP4 Expression And The Cell Proliferation In The Hippocampus

Recently, adult hippocampus neurogenesis has been confirmed in birds, reptiles, rodents, and primates, including humans. Adult neurogenesis has consistently been found in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and in the hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ). In the hippocampus, neurons are born in the underlying subgranular layer and move into the granule cell layer (GCL) to become mature granule neurons. The hippocampal formation is generally recognized as being involved in learning and memory. Alterations in the GCL of the hippocampus can have a potent impact on learning and memory, on the other hand, learning can stimulate hippocampal neurogenesis.Transplantion of neural precursor cells(NPCs) reversed age-associated memory impairment. The discovery of neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus and the observation that alterations in neurogenesis are correlated with alterations in hippocampal-related plasticity raise the question of whether hippocampal neurogenesis is abnormal in AD. The mechanisms that regulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis have been received major efforts in recent years. As a result, knowledge of the stem cells'microenvironment is fundamental for understanding how a stem cell can proliferate, choose its fate and eventually integrate into mature tissue. From the molecular point of view, several candidate niche components have been proposed. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMPs) and their antagonist/modulator noggin have been described as critical components of this stem cell niche microenvironment. Bone morphogenetic protein-4(BMP4) belongs to members of the transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)family. BMPs and their modulators such as noggin are involved in early embryogenesis and play instructive and inductive roles in lineage specification. Our recent studies have shown that BMP4 and noggin are still present in the postnatal and adult mammalian CNS, it suggested that BMP4 and noggin are critical components of stem cell niche microenvironment.Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the primary cause of dementia in the elderly and begins...