| With the strengthening of regional economic integration and the construction of the national innovation system,the internal mechanism of innovation subjects and the synergistic relationship between subjects have been increasingly emphasized in academia.As China enters the "new normal" stage of development,the high-quality development of the economy has pushed forward the evolution of subjective innovation to a synergistic relationship between multiple innovation subjects,breaking the original innovation service model and launching a more in-depth strategic deployment of national innovation centered on knowledge and technology.The report of the twentieth CPC National Congress proposes that to accelerate the realization of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-improvement,it is necessary to strengthen the status of the main body of scientific and technological innovation,accelerate the transformation of the government’s function of scientific and technological management,create a good ecological environment for innovation,and constantly stimulate the main body of innovation.Under the guidance of the national science and technology innovation strategy,an innovation system has basically been formed with the government,enterprises,universities and scientific research institutions,and the technical service system relying on the four corners of the system,with the goal of strengthening technological innovation,and expanding the knowledge and technology factors of production in a more in-depth manner through collaborative cooperation,such as excavation,conversion,application and marketization.Today’s international competition is becoming more and more complex and severe,and in the context of the tightening constraints on innovation resources,the competition around resources,markets,talents and technologies is intensifying,and China’s economic development is facing both opportunities and challenges.In order to give full play to the effectiveness of innovation as the first driving force for development,a comprehensive grasp of regional innovation drivers from the subject’s innovation performance is conducive to promoting regional innovation resource allocation,which is of great significance to enhancing regional innovation capacity and efficiency,realizing the maximum output of innovation resources and promoting regional economic development.Therefore,in order to explore the impact of innovation subjects and synergy on regional innovation development under the perspective of national innovation system,it is necessary to start from the heterogeneity of subjects,analyze the internal structure of subjects and interaction and synergy modes in-depth,so as to explore a linkage and interaction mechanism of subjects that can effectively help regional development.In view of this,this paper is based on the national innovation system,focusing on the core issue of the internal mechanism of the main body within the regional innovation system that affects the regional innovation efficiency,and following the research vein of the main body of "innovation elements-role mechanism-impact research-policy revelation".Following the research lineage of "innovation elements-acting mechanism-influence researchpolicy enlightenment",this paper analyzes the main body and its synergistic influence mechanism in depth from three dimensions: micro,meso and macro.The specific research content and conclusions of the study are as follows:First of all,to measure the regional innovation efficiency index in this paper,using the main scientific and technological innovation input and output data,the DEA-Malmquist index method is used to carry out the static and dynamic evaluation of the regional innovation efficiency from four aspects: technical efficiency,efficiency index changes,returns to scale,and projection analysis.The study found that(1)the overall level of comprehensive efficiency in China during the examination period is good,the national average comprehensive efficiency is 0.782,the regional development is not balanced,and the poor average technical efficiency in China is mainly caused by the low pure technical efficiency.(2)Comparing the first decade of the Outline of the National Medium-and Long-term Science and Technology Development Plan with the pre-implementation period,there is an overall incremental situation in terms of scale gains for each province,and Beijing,Heilongjiang,Guangdong,Chongqing,and Shaanxi are viewed as efficiency frontier reference benchmarks by other provinces as targets for improvement.(3)In terms of time trends,since the implementation of the Outline of the Plan,in the first five years,technological progress has led to total factor productivity growth and the formation of scale effects,and pure technological efficiency has led to economic growth and an increase in regional innovation efficiency;in the latter part of the period,there has been a small downward trend in the various indices,and the increase in scale efficiency is the reason for the increase in total factor productivity.Secondly,the direct and indirect effects of government R&D expenditures on regional innovation efficiency are analyzed as a micro-analysis perspective of the main influence mechanism.The DEA-Tobit random-effects model is used to explore the direct and indirect effects of government R&D funding and R&D deduction tax breaks,and to analyze basic and applied research in the same research activity to determine whether the regional heterogeneity of government R&D support enters into the "Pasteur Quadrant Model".The study finds that:(1)government R&D investment in S&T innovation can improve regional innovation efficiency,and the impact of R&D fiscal policy on regional innovation efficiency is effective overall.(2)Tax incentives have a negative but not significant impact on regional innovation efficiency,and the instrumental variable test of tax incentives is consistent with the above regression results.(3)Government financial policy support brings the eastern,western and northeastern regions into the "Pasteur Quadrant",the central region does not invest enough in applied research,and government tax policy only brings the eastern region into the "Pasteur Quadrant".Again,the R&D investment of enterprises,universities and research institutions is examined as the focus of science and technology innovation,and the type of R&D capital investment is reasonably divided,and in order to avoid endogeneity,the dynamic panel model regression is carried out by using the systematic GMM method,and the interaction term of the direct innovation subject and the mediating effect of the demand of innovation factors are introduced to be analyzed.For the different functions of innovation subjects,more in-depth exploration is carried out through the nonlinear relationship between policy effects and innovation factor flows to enrich the subject influence mechanism at the micro level.It is found that(1)enterprise R&D input has the most significant impact on regional innovation efficiency,and scientific research input has a negative impact.Scientific research inputs from academic and research institutions have a positive impact on regional innovation efficiency,while the immediate input effect of human capital is much less than that of knowledge R&D inputs.(2)The interaction effect of direct innovation main body participation support is positive,and main body synergistic cooperation is conducive to improving regional innovation efficiency.(3)Talent elements of innovation subjects,knowledge and technology funding,technological progress and demand for knowledge results play a partly positive intermediary role in the influence mechanism,which can improve regional innovation efficiency,while the increase in demand for talent in academic and research institutions has a negative intermediary role.(4)Enterprises are most effective in investing in R&D in the early stage of the outline,and human capital is more effective in the later stage;academic and research institutions are most effective in investing in scientific research in the early stage of the Outline,and technology development and introduction are more important in the later stage.(5)There are double-threshold and single-threshold effects of the human factor demand of academic and research institutions on the input of scientific research and technological development,respectively,which have a positive and non-linear effect on the regional innovation efficiency,so it is necessary to strictly control the quantity and quality of the human resources team.Then,the innovation subject subsystem synergy evaluation index system is established,the composite system synergy model is constructed,the improved distance synergy model is used to comprehensively evaluate the degree of regional coordinated development and the degree of synergy in combination with the TOPSIS idea and the gray correlation theory,and the internal operation mechanism of the national innovation system is explored using the system dynamics simulation method as a mesoanalytical perspective of the synergy influencing mechanism of the innovation subject.The study found that:(1)the overall degree of synergy of innovation subjects in China is low,but it is on an upward trend.The degree of synergy between the two subsystems in the eastern region is the best,and the synergy between the government and enterprises is even better,and will reach the basic synergy in 2020.(2)The coordinated development degree model shows that the development of the innovation body subsystem is on an upward trend and rising at an average annual growth rate of 0.208,and the overall regional policy is effective.Academic and research institutions as the core have a pulling effect on the government subsystem,confirming its conclusion of the best two-by-two synergy in the composite system synergy degree model.(3)The results of the system dynamics policy simulation are studied from three aspects: the proportion of the main body’s input factors,the government system and resource environment,and the intensity of the main body’s synergistic innovation input.The increase of R&D funds of different subjects will cause the improvement of innovation efficiency,in which the increase of scientific research funds of academic and research institutions has the best effect,followed by the government,and the weakest effect of the increase of scientific research funds of enterprises.Finally,based on the spatial effect perspective to explore the impact of innovation subject synergy on regional innovation efficiency,it is the analysis of the macro level of subject synergy impact mechanism,and the spatial econometric model is established through the construction of the inverse distance squared weight matrix,human capital weight matrix,and economic geography weight matrix for empirical analysis.Considering the indirect effect of factor agglomeration and knowledge spillover on regional innovation efficiency,the factor flow mechanism of talent agglomeration and capital agglomeration is verified by introducing the Comprehensive Innovation Reform Pilot as a quasi-natural experiment,and utilizing the double-difference model for econometric test,and the radiation distance of the pilot city is used to examine the spatial spillover effect of the policy.It is found that(1)the spatial effect of innovation body synergy significantly promotes regional innovation efficiency,and government and enterprise subsystem synergy has the greatest impact on regional innovation efficiency.The total synergy of innovation main body has a positive promotion effect on both local and neighboring regions,and the "siphon effect" of main body synergistic innovation is greater than the "radiation effect",which realizes the win-win situation of technological innovation.(2)The impact of total innovation synergy on regional innovation in the eastern and western regions is positive in both local and neighboring regions.(3)The "Total Innovation Reform" policy has a significant effect on regional innovation efficiency,and improves the level of regional innovation efficiency by facilitating the agglomeration of talent factors in the pilot cities.With the increase of the distance of the pilot cities,the radiation effect of the "All Innovation Reform" policy on the improvement of regional innovation in neighboring cities shows an "inverted U-shaped" trend of change,which increases and then decreases,and the policy effect is the most significant within a distance of 200 km.Overall,this paper systematically comprehends and effectively measures the theories of national innovation system,innovation subjects and their synergy,regional innovation efficiency,constructs a theoretical model of the relationship between the Cobb-Douglas production function and total factor productivity,explores the influence mechanism of subjects and their synergy on regional innovation efficiency from three dimensions: micro,meso and macro,and tests the policy effect with the regional and temporal heterogeneity of the influence of innovation policies on subjects.It is of great theoretical and practical significance to test the policy effect.This paper not only supplements and expands the existing research on national innovation system,but also provides empirical basis and policy inspiration for the formulation of innovation-driven development strategy of relevant departments. |
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