Research On Tax Revenue Loss Under Digital Economy

At present,the new generation of information technology supported by the Internet and big data has rapidly opened up the digital era of global economic development.As a new economic form,the digital economy not only promotes economic growth through direct industrial forms,but also improves the efficiency of economic development through the digital transformation and upgrading of traditional industries.With the growing scale of its development,the digital economy has rapidly become an important engine for driving industrial restructuring and high-quality economic development.Different from the traditional economic model,in the composition of production factors in the digital economy,data with distinct characteristics of mobility,intangibility and dispersion has become an important source of value creation.Because of this,General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that in the era of the Internet economy,"to build a digital economy with data as the key element." The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council have also made decisions and deployments to "accelerate the cultivation of the data element market and fully tap the value of data elements".The changes in the input of core production factors will inevitably require the tax system and its basic form of collection and management to match such changes.Otherwise,the resulting loss of tax revenue will not only increase the inequity in the tax burden among taxpayers,but also aggravate the government’s financial strain and weaken the role of taxation in national governance.Facing the objective reality of my country’s current rapid development of the digital economy and its low tax contribution,it is a major issue for the reform of the tax system and tax collection and management to clarify the situation of tax loss and improve the tax governance capacity of the digital economy.The research in this thesis attempts to reveal the specific impact of digital economy development on tax loss,such as the mechanism,temporal and spatial characteristics,tax differences,regional differences,and industry differences of the digital economy affecting tax loss.For this reason,this thesis follows the research idea of "proposing questions-theoretical analysis-status description-empirical testing-policy suggestions",and conducts an in-depth analysis of the tax loss under the digital economy,mainly focusing on four aspects.First,starting from the essential characteristics of data as the core production factor of the digital economy,the theoretical basis for the governance of tax loss under the digital economy is proposed at the level of tax theory,and the internal mechanism and possible paths of tax loss under the digital economy are revealed.The second is to measure the digital economy development index and digital economy tax loss index of various provinces across the country through principal component analysis and MIMIC model,and comprehensively use descriptive statistical analysis,standard deviation ellipse and exploratory spatial data analysis to describe the national and provincial level.The current development status of the digital economy and the degree of tax loss under the digital economy at the level,and its temporal and spatial characteristics and its evolution are summarized.The third is to use the two-way fixed effect model and the double difference method(DID)to analyze the impact of digital economy development on tax loss from the macro and micro levels,specifically to measure the tax loss of micro-enterprises,and to study the external impact of the national smart city pilot and "" To improve the efficiency of tax collection and management of the "Golden Tax Phase III" project,it evaluates the impact of the development of the digital economy on tax loss under different policies at the macro and micro levels,in order to understand the mechanism of the digital economy on tax loss and strengthen the tax collection and management of the digital economy.Provide evidence.The fourth is to combine the research status and conclusions of tax loss under the digital economy,in order to promote the sustainable and healthy development of the digital economy and the entire national economy,put forward countermeasures and suggestions to promote the governance of tax loss under the digital economy.The research conclusions are as follows:First,the exploration of the internal mechanism of tax loss in the digital economy needs to be comprehensively considered from the fact that data is the essential feature of the core production factor of the digital economy,and the tax system and its taxation and management reform are relatively lagging behind.It is precisely the incompatibility of the input of production factors and the basic form of the tax system,the incompatibility between the new economic form and the existing tax system elements,the incompatibility of the new economic format and the incompatibility of tax collection and management,etc.,which lead to the intensification of tax loss in the digital economy.Understanding the loss of tax revenue in the digital economy from the perspective of input of production factors helps to clarify the root cause of the problem of tax loss in the digital economy at the theoretical level.At the practical level of tax collection and management,the loss of tax revenue under the digital economy is mainly manifested in:revenue-burden dislocation and tax base valuation complexity,decentralization of business activities and increased difficulty in tax collection and management,blurring of business boundaries and uncertainty of taxpayers,supply and demand connection There are four aspects: remoteization and unknown permanent establishment.Second,in the analysis of the characteristics,facts and macro-and micro-evidence of tax loss under the digital economy,through the analysis of the digital economy development index at the national and regional levels,the tax loss index under the digital economy,and the value-added tax and business tax represented by full-caliber statistics The measurement of the tax loss of major tax categories shows that China’s digital economy is growing rapidly and exhibits convergence characteristics.At the macro level,the scale of tax loss is increasing year by year,and the tax loss index is highly fitted with the digital economy development index,and this change trend coexists between value-added tax,business tax and import tariff,and the loss rate presents a U-shaped characteristic;At the level,there are differences in the tax loss rate among regions.The overall tax loss rate in the western region is higher,while the total tax loss in the eastern region is the largest.Further distinguishing the loss rates of different tax types can be found that the value-added tax loss rate is higher in the central region,while the business tax loss rate is higher in the east,and the regional differences in the tax loss rate by tax type are different from the regional differences in the overall tax loss rate;at the industry level,There are obvious differences in tax revenue loss among industries.Among the VAT revenue loss,the tax revenue loss rate of wholesale,retail and import VAT is higher,while the total scale of tax revenue loss of industrial enterprises is the largest.Third,in the empirical test of the impact of the development of the digital economy on the loss of tax revenue,the national smart city pilot is used as a "quasi-natural experiment" to identify the impact of the development of the urban digital economy on the loss of corporate tax revenue by using the matching between the city level and the national tax survey database..The study found that the development of the digital economy will increase the tax loss rate of enterprises,and it is mainly reflected in the business tax and corporate income tax,while the impact on the loss of value-added tax revenue is small;the problem of tax loss under the digital economy is obvious among different types of enterprises.Differences,the development of the digital economy is more likely to lead to the loss of tax revenue of private enterprises,while the impact on the loss of tax revenue of non-private enterprises such as state-owned enterprises and foreign joint ventures is not obvious;in terms of enterprise scale,the tax loss rate of large and medium-sized enterprises in the context of the digital economy Higher,while the digital economy has less impact on the tax loss of small and micro enterprises;the tax loss under the digital economy is related to the independence of the tax department in collection and management.Enterprises collected and managed by the tax bureau have a higher corporate income tax loss rate under the digital economy,while The corporate tax evasion rate collected by the Inland Revenue Department is low.The loss of tax revenue is closely related to the tax avoidance behavior of enterprises in the digital economy.The digital economy leads to tax loss at the macro level by increasing the business tax and income tax avoidance of enterprises.Fourth,in the empirical test of tax collection and management technology and tax loss under the digital economy,the “Golden Tax Phase III” project is regarded as a representative policy for improving tax collection and management technology,and the data from the national tax survey database is used to study the level of tax collection and management information technology.Improve the impact on the loss of corporate tax revenue in the digital economy.The study found that the implementation of the "Golden Tax Phase III" project can effectively reduce the tax loss rate of enterprises in the digital economy.Before the "Golden Tax Phase III" project was launched,the digital economy developed The higher the level of the region,the more obvious the inhibitory effect of the "Golden Tax Phase III" project on the tax loss rate of enterprises;further,using the national smart city pilot as a proxy variable for the development level of the regional digital economy,it is found that the "Golden Tax Phase III" project After the launch,the tax loss rate of enterprises in the pilot areas of the national smart city will drop significantly,indicating that the information collection and management technology can indeed help reduce the tax loss in the digital economy.The conclusion is still valid under a series of robustness tests;in terms of heterogeneity,It is found that the improvement of information collection and management technology can reduce the tax loss rate of private enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises,but the impact on state-owned enterprises is not obvious.The “Golden Tax Phase III” project mainly reduces the tax loss of large and medium-sized enterprises in the digital economy,but The impact on the tax loss of small and micro enterprises is not obvious;in terms of mechanism analysis,it can be found that the information-based collection and management technology restrains the loss of tax revenue in the digital economy by improving the tax authority’s tax inspection ability.Compared with the existing research,the main contributions of this thesis are as follows: First,the existing research mainly focuses on the qualitative analysis of the tax loss under the digital economy,while this paper uses the structural equation model to quantitatively analyze the tax loss under the digital economy.This shows the degree of tax loss and its evolution under the digital economy of various provinces and regions.Second,from the macroscopic dimension of the region,the mesoscopic dimension of the industry,and the microscopic dimension of the enterprise,the basic status quo and general characteristics of tax loss under the current development of China’s digital economy are measured in detail.Third,through the two dimensions of regional macro and enterprise micro,we empirically test the specific impact of digital economy development on tax loss.At the same time,the introduction of the empirical design of external policy shocks makes the empirical research conclusions more credible after overcoming the endogeneity problem faced in the identification of causality.On the basis of the research conclusions of this thesis,this thesis summarizes the specific impact of the development of the digital economy on the tax loss and the existing problems,and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions for deepening the reform of the tax system in the digital economy era to control the tax loss.First,speed up the construction of a modern tax system under the digital economy,and promote the construction of a basic tax system that is conducive to tax collection in the digital economy,such as the construction of the commodity and labor tax system,income tax construction,property tax construction,etc.;Tax capacity building.Use big data analysis,smart taxation,blockchain technology and bill digitization to build a centralized processing platform for digital tax information to improve the efficiency of tax collection and management.The key starting point of tax information processing capacity,improving the data and information intensive processing of the "Golden Tax Phase III" project,etc.,to achieve the improvement of digital governance capacity and tax collection and management level under the modern tax system;third,continue to strengthen international tax cooperation,actively Participate in the adjustment of international tax rules,improve the international voice,strengthen international cooperation in tax collection and management of the digital economy,advance the negotiation of tax treaties with relevant countries,and strengthen international tax regulation in the field of digital economy.