| The cross-border transfer of industries is an important part of the development of economic globalization,and it is also one of the important fields of economic research.After the reform and opening up,China has undertaken a large number of international transfers of manufacturing,deeply embedded in the global value chain,and has become an important part of the international manufacture,and the largest country in global trade in goods.With the rapid economic development,China’s labor costs have risen rapidly,environmental pressures have increased,and land in parts of the east has become increasingly scarce."Economic development has entered a new-normal stage." Some traditional advantageous industries,that is to say labor-intensive industries,such as textiles and garments,are showing some evidences of large-scale transfer to Southeast Asia and other places in the World.With the gradual deepening of participation in global value chains,the development of labor-intensive industries in China are also facing unprecedented bottlenecks: on the one hand,the emerging economies of Southeast Asia have replaced China with its low-cost competitive advantages while the "re-industrialization" strategies are implementing in the developed countries in Europe and America in recent years.China’s industrial development has fallen into a situation of "two-side squeeze".The trade war launched by the United States against China in 2018 and the outbreak of the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020 have had a complex impact on the global industrial chain and supply chain,and the global industrial distribution is undertaking a new round of adjustment in the worldwide.Under this background,where will China’s traditional labor-internsive manufacturing industries go? It has become a focus for the China’s officials,the researchers and the industrialists.Some researchers believe the transfer of labor-intensive industries is an inevitable trend.China has reached the stage of industrial transformation and upgrading,according to Akamatsu’s flying-geese model.The labor-intensive industries in China should be appropriately shifted outwards,so as to change the cages and promote the domestic industry to leap to the high-end of the global value chain.Another point of view is that these labor-intensive industries are still China’s important pillar industries and play an important role in employment,taxation,international trade,etc.China still has the spaces and comparative advantages to undertake labor-intensive industries.Labor-intensive industries have moved outwards too quickly,which has led to "industry hollowing" in the country.We must strive to encourage traditional intensive industries to stay in China.Therefore,this dissertation takes China’s traditional labor-intensive industries’ cross-border transfer and transformation-upgrading as the subject.Based on the investigation of China’s traditional advantages of labor-intensive industries’ cross-border transfer and transformation-upgrading,it analyzes the industrial cross-border transfer’s impact on the transformation-upgrading of these industries.The contents of this dissertation are as follows: The first is the introduction of research background,research purpose,literature review and the theoretical exploration.In this section,the dissertation defined that its research objects are the six traditionally labor-intensive industries in China,and comprehensively reviewed the theoretical literature on industrial transfer and transformation-upgrading.Next,this dissertation analyzed the performance of the cross-border transfer and the transformation-upgrading of the six labor-intensive industries in China.In terms of the performance of crossborder transfer,the dissertation investigated it by the industries’ trade share in the World,foreign direct investment flow,and the value of industrial transfer based on the inputoutput framework,and regarding the performance of transformation-upgrading.And in terms of industrial transformation-upgrading,the dissertation analyzed it from the four aspects: processing upgrade,product upgrade,function upgrade,and industrial chain upgrade,and then calculated the trade value added rate of the six industries with the non-competitive input-output model to embody the overall trend of industrial transformation-upgrading.After that,the dissertation studied the impact of industrial cross-border transfer on industrial transformation-upgrading from three empirical analysis ways: one is industrial data model,another is inter-provincial panel data model while taking the textile industry as an example,and the last is enterprise data model.Then,it was further verified that the relationship between cross-border transfer and transformation-upgrading of traditional labor-intensive industries,by the relevant corporate cases analysis.Next,based on empirical analysis and combined with the previous research results,a "four-in-one" labor-intensive industrial transformationupgrading framework was proposed,which believes that to promote the transformationupgrading of China’s labor-intensive industries should be accompanied by four movements: the domestic market should be fully cultivated and developed;the foreign trade should be promoted for high-quality development;the foreign direct investment should be improved;and the outward investment should be accomplished actively and orderly.Furthermore,the dissertation provided an industrial transformation-upgrading tactics based on this framework.Finally,based on its research conclusions,this dissertation put forward policy recommendations in the process of cross-border transfer and industrial transformation-upgrading of China’s traditional labor-intensive industries.The main conclusions of this dissertation are: First,China’s traditional laborintensive industries are undergoing cross-border transfer,but they are late,small in scale and slow in speed.From the perspective of data analysis on trade share,foreign direct investment,and value-added measurement,the cross-border transfer of China’s traditional labor-intensive industries began to accelerate around 2014.Compared with the history of other international industrial transfers,the cross-border transfer of laborintensive industries in China occurred later and the scale was relatively small.There is no phenomenon shows that China’s labor-intensive industries were transferred before“becoming strong”.The second,the transformation-upgrading of China’s labor-intensive industries has achieved remarkable results.This dissertation investigated the transformationupgrading of China’s labor-intensive industries from the next four aspects: process upgrade,product upgrade,function upgrade,and industrial chain upgrade.The study found that China’s six representative labor-intensive industries have made significant progress in their transformation-upgrading.Further,based on the non-competitive input-output model(DPN),the value-added rate of export products of the six representative labor-intensive industries were estimated from 2000 to 2019.The results shown that the export value added rate of the six industries has been on an upward trend.Finally,using the principal component analysis method,this dissertation provided a comprehensive evaluation indicator for the transformation and upgrading of 6representative labor-intensive industries from 9 indicators in three aspects: industrial scale,production efficiency,and trade benefits,and calculated the comprehensive evaluation indicators from 2005 to 2018 for the 6 industries.From the data point of view,the industrial transformation-upgrading indexes of the six industries have shown a significant upward trend,indicating that while China’s labor-intensive industries were shifting outward,the domestic industrial transformation-upgrading had also achieved significant results.The third,the outward transfer of China’s traditional labor-intensive industries has had a positive effect on the transformation-upgrading for the domestic industries.The impact of the external cross-border transfer of traditional labor-intensive industries on industrial transformation and upgrading has been verified,by the empirical analysis of panel data at the industrial level in China.It was shown that there is a positive relationship between the cross-border transfer of China’s labor-intensive industries and the transformation-upgrading of domestic industries.The expansion of cross-border transfer of industries will swell the comprehensive evaluation indicators for industrial transformation and upgrading.The results of control variables,such as foreign direct investment,industry openness,and industry development level,shown that foreign direct investment and industry openness have no significant effect on the transformation-upgrading of labor-intensive industries,while the per capital industry output and technological progress have a positive impact on industrial transformationupgrading.This is generally consistent with other studies.The analysis of China’s provincial textile industry panel data further verified the positive relationship between the cross-border transfer of labor-intensive industries and China’s industrial transformation-upgrading,and the foreign direct investment did not have a significant impact on the textile industry’s transformation-upgrading.The regional human capital had an important impact on the transformation-upgrading of labor-intensive industries,indicating that the transformation-upgrading of labor-intensive industries also requires continuous development of human capital.An empirical analysis of corporate data contained in six labor-intensive industries found that corporate foreign investment can improve its investment efficiency by alleviating the problem of over investment.And the enterprises’ foreign investment can also help promote their own innovative R&D investment and output levels through technology spillover effects.The empirical analysis indicated that from the perspective of enterprise data,industrial transfer also has a positive impact on industrial transformation and upgrading.The fourth,China’s labor-intensive industries can be transformed and upgraded through the “four-in-one” path.In the context of establishing of a "dual circulation" development pattern and the “conjugate circulation” of the international division of labor system,China’s labor-intensive industries are at the intersection point of the“domestic circulation and international circulation”,and the “China-developed countries circulation and China-developing countries circulation”: they connect the domestic and foreign cycles by relying on the domestic market and factor resources to form a strong industrial manufacturing capacity,meeting the needs of the domestic market,while being fully integrated into the global division of labor system and becoming part of international producing;and in the international cycle,they connect the circulation between developed countries and developing countries through trade and investment at the same time.Under such open economic circumstances,the transformation-upgrading of China’s labor-intensive industries are “four in one” with the promotion of the healthy development of the domestic consumer market,highquality development of foreign trade,high-level foreign investment attraction,and active and orderly foreign investment.The transformation-upgrading of China’s laborintensive industries is accompanied with promoting the domestic market and international trade,attracting foreign investment and high-quality development of oversea investment.Under this analytical framework,a strategy for the transformation and upgrading of China’s labor-intensive industries was proposed,which are fostering and developing the domestic consumer market,accelerating the high-quality development of trade,further improving the level of foreign direct investment,and actively,orderly and effectively carrying out oversea investment.According to the research,this dissertation puts forward six policy recommendations: The first is to maintain a certain labor-intensive industry scale as much as possible.According to the empirical analysis of inter-provincial data in the textile industry,industrial scale has positive significance for industrial transformationupgrading.Therefore,under the condition that the comparative advantages of domestic(especially in the eastern region)of labor,land and other factor resources are gradually weakening,the relative competitive advantage of labor-intensive industries should be maintained and improved to offset the negative effects of rising labor costs and to maintain a certain scale of labor-intensive industries in the country,by promoting the labor-intensive industries transfer to the China’s central and western regions,tax reduction and enhancing the level of production automation.It is necessary not only for absorbing low grade labor force,but also for the development and further upgrading of the industry itself.The second is to rely on the domestic market to promote industrial transformationupgrading.The empirical research in chapter 5 has also shown the result that the level of regional economic development has a significant impact on industrial upgrading.In the future,the domestic demand will continually play an important role,and the China’s labor-intensive industries should rely on the promising huge domestic demand and the momentum of consumption upgrading,to effectively promote the transformationupgrading.The third is to support labor-intensive enterprises to go abroad in an orderly way.Through the dissertation’s analysis of chapter 3,at least for now,the cross-border transfer of labor-intensive industries has not caused "industry hollowing",but the partial transfer of industries can help domestic industrial transformation-upgrading.Furthermore,China’s labor-intensive industries should actively integrate into the “Belt and Road” construction,making full use of China’s free trade agreements with its trade partner.and finally,China should gradually build a regional industrial chain,supply chain,and value chain system with domestic industries as the mainstay.The fourth is to strengthen R&D investment in labor-intensive industries.The empirical analysis in this dissertation has verified that the technological upgrading of China’s labor-intensive industries has a significant impact on industrial transformationupgrading.Based on this,it is necessary to provide more policy support for laborintensive industry technological innovation from the top-level design.For example,the labor-intensive industries’ R&D investment should be provided the same preferential tax policies as high-tech enterprises.The fifth is to strengthen the high-quality development of import and export trade.It is necessary for labor-intensive enterprises to achieve quality which will help them to win in international competition and get rid of the long-term dependence on price competition to seize the international market.The key is to promote the high-level and intelligent producing of labor-intensive products such as textiles,clothing,luggage,shoes and hats.At the same time,we should work hard to deal with trade frictions,especially pay attention to the negative effects of Sino-US economic and trade frictions.we should provide more favorable conditions for the survival and development of domestic labor-intensive enterprises by way of trade aid adjustment measures.The sixth,attract more high-end international production factors inflow through high-level foreign investment.As far as industrial development is concerned,foreignfunded enterprises can still promote the transformation-upgrading of labor-intensive industries through resource effects,technology and management spillover effects,competitive demonstration effects,and collaborative development effects.For example,in terms of resource effects,foreign-funded enterprises can become a bridge for international high-end design and marketing talents in labor-intensive industries to gather in China.By introducing high-level foreign-funded enterprises,they can attract the influx of high-end international talents and provides momentum for China’s laborintensive industries’ transformation-upgrading.The innovations of this paper are probably as follows: The first,the researches on cross-border transfer of industries and industrial transformation-upgrading are advanced to the meso-level industry.The researches what is already there on industrial transfer and industrial transformation-upgrading were mainly focused on the macroscopic manufacturing level,and many of the results were the overall research on China’s manufacturing transfer and industrial structure upgrading.This dissertation analyzed the cross-border transfer of six representative labor-intensive industries in China from three perspectives: trade share,foreign direct investment flow,and industrial transfer value based on the input-output framework.It also established the industry’s industrial transformation-upgrading index based on nine indicators,using the principal component analysis method.It is believed that the dissertation provided a more systematic analysis of the cross-border transfer and transformation-upgrading of labor-intensive industries in China.The second,from the meso-level of labor-intensive industries,the impact of industrial cross-border transfer on transformation-upgrading was studied,and the impact was verified.Many experts and scholars at home and abroad are concerned about the effects of industrial transfer on the home country’s industries from different perspectives,and some of the studies analyzed from a macro level by focusing on the impact of foreign direct investment on the upgrading of home country’s industry structures,while some of the studies studied the impact on the industrial technology spillover and production efficiency of the home country from the company’s perspective.There is not much research on the impact of industrial transfer on the development of the home country’s industry from perspective of a certain industry or a certain type of industry.Based on the mechanism research,this dissertation examined the impact of transfer on the transformation-upgrading of China’s traditional laborintensive industries from two levels which are the country’s six representative laborintensive industries data and the textile industry’s inter-provincial data,and it was verified.This may contribute to the research on the industrial effects of foreign direct investment more comprehensive,scientific and accurate.The third,based on the understanding of the establishment of a "dual circulation" development pattern and the "conjugate circulation" of the international division of labor system,the view that China’s labor-intensive industries is at the intersection of the two dual cycles was proposed,which consequently believes that China’s laborintensive industries’ transformation-upgrading is “four in one” with the promotion of the healthy development of the domestic consumer market,the high-quality development of foreign trade,the high-level attraction of foreign investment,and the active and orderly foreign investment.Under this framework,tactics for the transformation-upgrading of China’s labor-intensive industries was proposed. |
