| In today’s era,information technologies represented by the internet,big data,and artificial intelligence are driving the construction of a strong educational nation and the high-quality development of education.At the same time,they have also brought about many theoretical puzzles or issues in education.Such as:what should education teach in the age of artificial intelligence?What should students learn?How should teachers teach?How should students learn?And so on.These issues always revolve around the two seemingly opposing dimensions of "learning" and "teaching." Faced with the huge impact of artificial intelligence on human existence and education,we need to return to the essence of humanity,ponder what it means to be human,what kind of people education should cultivate,and how education should nurture people.The "consciousness" of learning methods at the beginning of "The Analects,"especially the study approach and pursuit of knowledge centered on "learning," is of great help in thinking about current educational issues.In the age of artificial intelligence,we need to reinterpret the learning thoughts of "The Analects," go back to the time of Confucius,trace back to the source,restore the original appearance of Confucius’s learning thoughts,and reconstruct the exploration of what learning is,why people should learn,and how people should learn by the ancient sages of Confucianism.Studying the learning thoughts of "The Analects" helps us return to the source of core concepts in Chinese pedagogy,clarify the origins,and sort out the trajectory of the development of Chinese pedagogy from the source,providing a distinctly different educational knowledge system from Western pedagogy,which is"learning-centered and teaching-discussed-based on learning" for constructing a distinctively Chinese pedagogy.By examining and analyzing "The Analects" as an educational thought entity from an educational perspective,taking "learning" as the main thread,we seek new interpretations of the educational thoughts in "The Analects," and analyze and reconstruct the educational thought system of "The Analects" with "learning" as the core to reveal the essential laws of "teaching" from the perspective of "learning."Returning to the tradition of "teaching-discussed-based on learning" in Chinese educational thought,we analyze "teaching" under the umbrella of "learning,"providing answers to questions such as what is education,what kind of people to cultivate,what knowledge to teach,and how to teach from the dimension of"learning." The main issues to be resolved are twofold:first,whether there is a thought system in "The Analects" centered on "learning," and second,what is the structure of this learning-centered thought system,and what are its uniqueness,creativity,and completeness?How to summarize and organize the learning thoughts of "The Analects" into a logical educational knowledge system?The research questions stem from the text of "The Analects" itself,hidden in the dialogues between Confucius and his disciples."The Analects" is a record of questions and answers,with a series of questions about learning raised by Confucius and his disciples.Many questions also involve the methodology of learning.Based on loyalty to the original text of "The Analects," we organize,excavate,and study the learning issues discussed by Confucius and his disciples,categorizing them into 8 sub-questions for research according to the logical chain of "what," "why," and "how":(1)What is learning?(2)Why do people need to learn?(3)What is learning for?(4)What "knowledge" does one need to learn?(5)Who should one learn from?(6)How to acquire knowledge through learning?(7)How to utilize learning time?(8)What is the internal driving force for people to persist in learning over the long term?Around these 8 sub-questions,methods such as literature analysis and comparative research are used to study the classics that have interpreted and explained the thoughts of "The Analects" through the ages."Text analysis method" mainly involves a comprehensive search and verification of the interpretation of the same word in different literatures through the ages,inferring the principles from the usage and meaning of words in the text of "The Analects." The adoption of the "text analysis(exegesis)method" aims to emphasize not blindly trusting any single annotation,but returning to "The Analects"itself,to the original text,using "The Analects" itself to annotate "The Analects,"understanding the latter from the former and annotating the former from the latter.Comparative research method mainly involves rigorous verification,careful study,and deep experience of the profound meaning of "The Analects" based on a thorough reading and familiarity with the original text and a broad understanding of later annotations.It involves comparing,reading,and exploring the subtle and profound meanings of "The Analects," daring to question,boldly hypothesizing,and being able to jump out or even surpass the annotations and explanations of others to gain new understandings and cognition,while avoiding the "preconceptions" of various other people’s explanatory viewpoints.Comparative research includes literature comparison and ancient-modern comparison.Literature comparison mainly involves comparing related events and remarks recorded in "The Analects," "The Family Sayings of Confucius," "Records of the Grand Historian · Confucius family," etc.,to precisely grasp and deeply understand the background and connotation of the learning thoughts in "The Analects," exploring what Confucius was "saying." Ancient-modern comparison is mainly used to compare the different interpretations of "The Analects"by representative Confucian figures in different periods,as well as the comparison of the learning thoughts in "The Analects" with modern brain science and learning science advocated learning thoughts,both ancient and modern,Chinese and foreign.Through comparison,the research findings are verified.After in-depth analysis and excavation of the text,a new framework for analyzing and interpreting the educational thoughts of "The Analects" has been formed.This framework is mainly organized according to the logic of the proposed 8 sub-questions,including the exploration of learning methods by Confucius and his disciples on issues such as "what is," "why," "what to learn," "from whom to learn,""how to learn," and "how to ensure." Some new discoveries have been made about the learning thoughts contained in "The Analects" on multiple issues.From the etymology of the term "learning," a new definition of learning as a continuum of "learning" and"practice," learning as a community of people,and learning as a compound of teaching and learning has been innovatively proposed.From the three levels of pursuing virtue perfection,clarifying confusion,and eliminating evil thoughts from the heart,the issue of why people need to learn has been analyzed.The target orientation of learning has been dissected from the three issues of metaphysical goals,individual goals,and social goals.Regarding the question of what knowledge people need to learn,the answer about the most important and original knowledge by Confucius has been analyzed.On the issue of how to acquire knowledge,the pursuit of extensive knowledge by Confucius and his disciples,as well as the integration and unification of knowledge,the production method of knowledge generation and innovation have been excavated.Confucius,as the "saint of the times," grasps the rhythm,urgency,and accumulation of time.Finally,from the direction and persistence of learning,self-control of the learning process,and full enjoyment of the positive emotional experience of learning,the internal forces driving lifelong learning have been analyzed.These explorations constitute a "precise" learning system,where learning content,goals,methods,and emotional attitudes are not isolated but closely connected.It is a perfect structure that requires us to reinterpret and make it reappear.The reinterpretation or value rediscovery of the learning thoughts of "The Analects" will be of some help in solving the many puzzles people have about learning and education today.Through the "perspective" of "The Analects," looking through the fog of time,reflecting on the learning and educational issues of the intelligent age across time,there will be certain benefits. |
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