Co-governance Network:An Analysis Of The Policy Tools Of Network Social Governance

Based on the core issue of "How to realize the pluralistic co-governance in the network society",this paper adopts the perspective of "policy tools",and on the basis of reviewing the historical evolution and changes of the choice of policy tools in the network society of China,this paper analyzes the imbalance of the choice of policy tools and the causes of the main structure in the current network social governance in China,and then analyzes the enlightenment of the choice of policy tools in the foreign network social governance to China,finally,the paper discusses and constructs the possible path to realize the multi-governance of our country’s network society.The theory of "policy tools"is the basic tool to study how to realize multi-governance in network society.The term"policy tools"referred to in this paper is a term used in a broad sense,which not only includes the system rules followed by the government and other public organizations in the management of social public affairs,it also includes the written rules and regulations formulated by Market Subjects,social organizations and other non-public organizations in the management of their own affairs or social public affairs.In a word,it refers to the relevant rules and regulations made by public organizations and private organizations to regulate people’s behavior.The policy tool refers to various methods,means and mechanisms adopted by the government,market subjects and social organizations to provide public goods or maintain public order.The basic contents of "policy tools"theory include:first,any kind of tool can construct a governance network."Tools determine the core participants and their roles in a particular type of project",that is,the choice of policy tools determines which participants exist in a public affairs governance,it also determines the role of these participants in the governance of public affairs and the relationship between them.At the same time,these participants have different ideas,viewpoints,motivations and skills,so the choice of policy tools will influence the final result of public affairs governance.Secondly,a public affairs governance often requires a combination of multiple policy tools,meaning a more complex governance network based on the superposition of multiple governance networks,this means that the participants of public affairs governance are pluralistic,and there is no administrative subordinate relationship between these participants,but there will be rights and interests in business.At present,facing the dilemma that the government used to take direct administrative supervision as a single subject in the network social governance,we analyze it from the perspective of policy tools,which can open up a new research path.First,the network society itself is the government,the market and the social interaction product.There is no administrative subordination between the market and the government,but there is an interest-related relationship,and there is no administrative subordination between social organizations and citizens and the government,which is not subject to the administrative system,governments,markets and social actors can form networks of action.Secondly,with the increasing complexity of the Internet society,no single subject can assume all the functions of governance,and it is inevitable that many parties will participate in governance,thus forming many power centers,then need the government,the market and the social each party main body carry on the cooperation among each other.Finally,the network society itself is a network composed of the government,the market and the social main body,which is suitable for the analysis with the Policy Network.Therefore,it is not only feasible but also necessary to explore the innovation of network social governance from the perspective of policy tools.From the perspective of "policy tools"theory,this paper first discusses the classification of policy tools for Internet social governance,and holds that according to the degree of government intervention in internet social governance,from low to high score for the voluntary policy tools,mixed policy tools,mandatory policy tools.Then starting from the government-type Network Society,the market-type Network Society and the Social Network Society which are formed by different network construction subjects,and on the basis of discussing the types of policy tools owned by various kinds of network society respectively,according to the principle of power and responsibility consistency and the theory of prior behavior,the government-oriented Internet society should form a policy tool combination with the government’s public power supervision as the main part,the market subject’s assistance management and the social subject’s self-discipline as the supplement The market-oriented network society should form a policy tool combination with market subject management as the main part,government supervision and social subject self-discipline as the auxiliary part The Social Network Society should form the policy tool combination with the social subject self-discipline as the main part,the government supervision and the market subject management as the supplement.From the perspective of "policy tools" theory,this paper then discusses the historical development and changes of China’s network social governance,the Network Society Governance policy tool has experienced the dynamic evolution process from the voluntary policy tool primarily,the mandatory policy tool occupies the absolute dominant position to the voluntary,the hybrid policy tool gradually promotes,it has also experienced the development transition from less direct government intervention to strong direct government intervention to less direct government intervention.As far as the current practice of social governance on the Internet is concerned,there are still some problems in the choice of policy tools in China’s network society,such as the heavy application of mandatory policy tools,the lack of mixed policy tools and the weak effectiveness of voluntary policy tools.The reasons for the above-mentioned problems are mainly reflected in the fact that it is difficult for government departments to change their habits of using traditional management models,the concept of network service platform to fulfill the responsibility of social subjects is weak,the ability of network social organizations to assist network social governance is limited,and the netizens’group’s awareness of participating in network social governance is not strong enough,as a result,the governance of the network society still depends on the supervision of a single government subject to a great extent,and the multi-party co-governance pattern has not yet completely formed.From the perspective of "policy tools"theory,this paper then discusses the foreign practices of the choice of policy tools for network social governance,and holds that the United States,Japan and Germany all pay attention to the choice of policy tools for network social governance that suit their national conditions,and with the new problems brought about by the development of Internet technology and the new needs of the practice of network social governance,these countries are also constantly adjusting the proportion of government supervision,market autonomy and social self-discipline in the choice of policy tools for network social governance.Based on the comparison of the choice of policy tools for network social governance in these countries,this paper holds that the inspiration given by the choice of policy tools for network social governance in these countries to China is that the choice of policy tools should adhere to the direction of diversified development,to realize the optimized combination of government supervision,market management and social autonomy,so as to give full play to the role of Internet enterprises,social organizations,netizens and other social forces,and jointly undertake the task of national network social governance.This paper argues that the choice of policy tools for network social governance in China should be based on the construction of multi-center cooperative governance model instead of relying on the supervision of a single government subject.The multi-center cooperative governance model not only emphasizes that the subjects of network social governance should be diversified,but also emphasizes that the multi-subjects form cooperative and co-governance relations in governance,thus realizing the inter-connection of actors and the integration of resources,it helps to optimize the allocation of resources,enhance the ability of action of the main body of governance,and meet the actual needs of network social governance.It can be seen that the optimal selection of policy tools for network social governance should start from two aspects:one is to realize the role differentiation of multiple subjects in network social governance,the network social governance model of government governance based on public power,market governance based on contract and social cooperative governance is constructed,which gives full play to the leading role of government,the main role of market and the participation role of society.Second,to promote the coordination of the relations among multiple subjects in the governance of the network society,and to form the cooperative interaction among multiple subjects on the basis of strengthening the cooperative interaction between the government and the market,between the government and the society,and between the market and the society,to promote the collective action of network social governance,to achieve the real formation of multi-subject co-governance pattern.This is not only the need to build a network power,but also the need to realize the modernization of national governance and social governance.