On The Protection Of Civilians Mandates In United Nations Peacekeeping Missions In Africa:Case Of The MONUSCO In DRC

Since 1999,a growing number of United Nations peacekeeping missions have been specifically mandated to protect civilians.Though,they continue to struggle to turn that dream into reality on the ground.This dissertation cast light on the drafting,interpretation,implementation of the results of such mandates over the last 20 years and takes stock of the achievements and failures gotten in this endeavor.This dissertation contains insights,assessment and recommendations for the next generation of UN protection actors,including the Security Council,the Secretariat,troop contributing countries,and the peacekeeping operations implementing protection of civilian mandates in DRC and elsewhere.This author decided to use MONUSCO as the case study for this work in order to examine in-depth the Security Council action as it relates to the protection of civilians in a specific conflict situation.The United Nations peacekeeping operations are analyzed by studying the large complex and the large-scale mission in Democratic Republic of Congo,mainly in the protection of civilians.This dissertation reviews the background and development of the mission in Democratic Republic of Congo and eventually gives some suggestions for improving the outcome of UNPKO in the future.At this stage,an analytic checklist is developed to find out the lessons learned,assess the effectiveness of MONUSCO and provide a basis of comparison for other missions.By referencing to the analytic checklist to the mission in Democratic Republic of Congo an amount of lessons for future missions are acknowledged.This dissertation reviews the contemporary issues in the UN Peacekeeping mission.As it explains,the key issues and problems currently relate to the use of force,protection of civilians under threat,the UNPKO mandate.Admittedly,there is a real need for a greater precision on these issues,because of their noteworthy policy and operational implications.Therefore,a better understanding and addressing of these protection of civilian mandates issues is central to improving the performance of the UN Peacekeeping,which has become an important international instrument for increasing peace and security in the world.In the light of the cases under review,the mission mandate must be clear and achievable.In addition,funding ought to be secured before the deployment of the mission.Consequently,the more complex is the mission the more planning it is required;the more countries involved in a mission the successful is the mission.By applying the analytic checklist and the lessons learned from it can endow the commanding officer with a tool to appraise and compare the effectiveness of future missions,mainly on the protection of civilians.This study aims to provide an abstract of the implementation of the protection of civilian mandates by MONUSCO,the developments concerning this topic,and specify policy margins on the way forward.The MONUSCO as a case study provides a brief synopsis of the history of the conflict and the circumstance in which it was primarily created.It sets out the Security Council deliberations surrounding the mission’s first mandate and the mission planning and start-up process.The dissertation then describes the evolution of the mission over many eras,with an emphasis on the conceptualization and achievement of its mandate to protect civilians.By exploring the mission’s changing attitude and approach to protection of civilians over time,my dissertation provides particular examples to point up the challenges and issues that are explored more generally in the mission.This dissertation expects finding the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations greatly effective in ending conflict and preventing the resurgence of conflict,with regards to the increasing amounts of personnel and funding allocated to peacekeeping missions.However,the contributions made by member states are not constantly adequate and there is a preconception by the Security Council Permanent Members concerning the location and number of forces deployed.The former UN Peacekeeping Operations that were launched in Africa is exposed in this sample,as well as the armed conflicts in which there was the UN involvement,will be assessed,especially the MONUSCO in DRC.The UNSC usually demonstrates the United Nations Peacekeeping budget limitations and deficiencies of its peacekeeping personnel in order to enlighten its peacekeeping breakdowns.Therefore,this author expects to get to the conclusion inter alia that an increase in the number of the UN Peacekeeping personnel and expenditures positively have an effect on the triumph of UN Peacekeeping Missions in protecting civilians.To recap,this dissertation sketches protection of civilians mandates from their elaboration in the Security Council resolutions to their implementation in the field.It tracks strictly the realities on the ground and the complexities of the issues,pointing out in the process a number of weaknesses.The dissertation not only puts forward clear findings but also formulates specific recommendations for enhancement to key actors involved in protecting civilians in peacekeeping situations.It strongly believed that the recommendations contained in this dissertation will contribute notably to efforts to improve the protection of civilians affected by armed violence’s.