A Research On Ethnic Ad Religious Factors In The Political Development Of Afghanistan

It is well-known that Afghanistan is a multi-ethnic country,which has many ethnic groups,tribes and multi-school Islam factions.Within 300 years history,the political development of Afghanistan twisted with wars and government transfers.The political ecology of Afghanistan is deeply affected by the factors from tribe community,ethnic culture and religions.Under fiercely home and abroad environment as state structure loose,local autonomy and external threads,the country has to depend on the centralization system and Islam to keep its power on the ethnic groups and society.The ethnic groups have their own knowledge on tribes and religions before Afghanistan as a nation-state,because the nation community shaped earlier than its nationality community did.The sense of identity of the ethnic groups is higher than what the nation-state has.Comparing the nation-sate,the individual is more loyal to their tribes.The harmonious ethnic and religious relations are the base of country’s integration,nevertheless,the ethnic and religions issues are not the roots of the endless insurgency of Afghan but reduce the Afghan’s identity for their nation-state.Through the exhibit of the whole state political development of Afghanistan,this dissertation extensively researches the the ethnic and religious factors in the important political events,and analyses its affects to the political development.The study on the reactive relations among the ethnic,religion and politics has not only a great significance for the reality and reference,but also contributes the theoretical value.The study duration of this dissertation is from 1747A.D.to 2014A.D.when the Durrani Empire founded and Ghani took office as the President of Afghanistan.From the research perspective of the dissertation,it is could be predicted that the sate-nation building of Afghanistan should be a long and tortuous process,these two factors are still the restriction to the political development.Pushing by the globalization progress,the ethnicity and religions will be given new contain.There are eight chapters in this dissertation.Chapter one and eight raises the questions on the topic,explains the concepts and problem concerning to this dissertation and deduces the conclusion.The main body of the dissertation has six chapters.From perspective of Afghanistan natural geography environment,chapter two examines the traits of the ethnic society,analyzes both the affects of agricultural to the Afghan people and describes how the ethnic cultural influenced the political cultural.There are two missions burdened by Chapter three to Chapter six,firstly,examines the entire development process of Afghanistan centralization system such as how it began,founded,consolidated,collapsed and reconstructed.Secondly,examines the contradictions of intergovernmental relations between the ethnic autonomy traditions and the centralization system and concerning its reconciliation.It is certain that the concrete problems need a concrete analysis,so every chapters of this section has its own function.Chapter three demonstrates the progress of sate building,the ethnic relations and the construction of political traditions during Anglo-Afghan wars.Chapter four,in order to explain the reasons why those political and social reforms failed,the model of case study focuses on these reforms which affected Afghanistan in 20 century.In order to highlight the intervention from the external powers,in this chapter neutralism policy is as a failed case to be analyzed.It is concluded that the structure of tribe society,urban-rural division,culture is unchangeable.This traits determines the development pace of Afghanistan is slow.There is no short-cut to take if Afghanistan should go on developing.Chapter Five goes on the case study way to analyze the reasons why the socialism transform,ethnic conciliation policy and Taliban government are failed or collapsed.The conclusion is that the association centralism political system with the ideology such as democracy from west,socialism,fundamentalism is unsuccessful.Chapter Six is highlight the religion in reality,which analyzes the Islam schools and its factions and concludes the traits in urban and rural areas,a case study focused on how the Islam ideology influences the political life at the national level.Chapter seven mainly analyzes the government legality and the restrict factors in the reconstruction in AfghanistanThis dissertation insists Marxism Historical Materialism with the political history as the discussion base.Form the perspective of politics,ethology,sociology,science des religions,it tries to obverse,think,judge the relations between political activities and religion.The train of thought is that band the history,reality results of former researchers together as possible as I could and deduce my own conclusion.