| Chinese ancient curriculum for the purpose of virtue education,launched a series of curriculum practices.Digging deeply into it can not only explore the original meaning of the ancient Chinese curriculum,but also provide a historical mirror for the current curriculum thought and practice.After the stages of germination,establishment,decline and re-establishment,the thought and practice of virtue education in ancient Chinese curriculum were further systematized and practiced with the development of teaching and the prosperity of school education in Song Dynasty,along with the flourishing of curriculum thoughts,the thought and practice of virtue education in the curriculum presented more abundant content.Based on the connotation of virtue education in ancient China,the school curriculum of Song Dynasty takes the cultivation of the ideal personality of sages as the ultimate goal,emphasizing both the internal cultivation of individuals and the establishment of external achievements.From this,four purposes of virtue cultivation are derived,namely,to become virtuous,to pursue sages,to apply the world and to model the group.To become virtuous mainly includes "the principle of the universe" and "the principle of human relations".The former is to feel the reason of life by understanding the principle of the universe,and the latter is to help students understand the principle of human relations.To pursue sages,we should first set up the ambition of becoming sages and sages,and then understand and cultivate the spiritual world and realm of life of sages by learning their preamble,"experiencing what has not been sent" and "observing what has been sent".To apply the world mainly includes: general learning of the world,the former pays attention to helping the students master the strategy of governing the country and the skills of dealing with practical affairs,the latter emphasizes the correct handling of the relationship between the government and the individual.To model the group pays attention to individual virtue on the basis of abiding by the code of ethics to "push and expand",as well as the cultivation of Taoism to educate the people.In order to achieve the above goals,the curriculum objectives,curriculum Settings,curriculum content and curriculum learning of schools in the Song Dynasty continued to develop and innovate on the basis of the previous generations.The establishment of curriculum objectives emphasizes that from "learning" to "understanding".Primary school is mainly about,while university is mainly about "understanding".In the course setting,classics,history and other courses jointly point to the "bright body and application".The course of Confucian classics aims to help students understand the way of sages,cultivate individual virtues,and guide the application of Confucian classics.The course of history aims to help students establish the meaning of life,understand the principle of human ethics,and increase political wisdom.The course of poetry aims to promote the Confucian and Mencius principles,help the application of Confucian and Mencius,and promote the development of virtue characteristics.The course content follows the order of "sanctification by virtue".The content selection combines the metaphysical sainthood and the physical behavior demonstration.The content arrangement takes into account the sanctification path from the vow to the covenant and the order of learning from the easy to the difficult.Curriculum learning activities demonstrate "awareness before awareness",pay attention to guiding students to transform what they see into knowledge of virtue,pay attention to students’ initiative to learn and self-recognition,so as to help teachers and students to move towards life consciousness together.The realization of school curriculum virtue education in Song Dynasty cannot be separated from the support conditions within the education system and the state society.In the Song Dynasty,both the imperial court and local governments attached great importance to the flourishing of schools,and adopted a series of measures to expand the scale of schools,improve the conditions of running schools,and create an educational environment,which provided a good place and environment for the virtue education of curriculum.The government of Song Dynasty attached great importance to the selection of teachers,and the selection standard of virtue industry,famous scholars actively participated in teaching practice activities,for the curriculum virtue education to provide teacher protection.In the Song Dynasty,both the government and individuals attached great importance to the compilation of school textbooks,which provided an important medium for the virtue education of the curriculum.In the social life of the Song Dynasty,the custom of worshiping virtues and upholding virtues was constantly deduced,which provided the social foundation for the establishment of the goal of virtue education in schools,and also provided certain guidance and support for the development of virtue education in the curriculum.The virtue education of Song Dynasty school curriculum had an important historical influence.First of all,the virtue education of Song Dynasty curriculum helps to cultivate the public’s consciousness of role norms,help the public understand the nature of social relations,and cultivate the pursuit of social core values.Secondly,it affected the cultivation of talents in the Song Dynasty society.The number of talents in the Song Dynasty increased,the types were diverse,and the talents had a certain connection with it.Thirdly,the virtue education of curriculum in Song Dynasty promoted the development and spread of Neo-Confucianism.In Song Dynasty,Confucian classics and Neo-Confucianism works were used as the school teaching materials.Teachers and students’ teaching activities deepened their understanding of Neo-Confucianism and cultivated successors of Neo-Confucianism through curriculum teaching.All these promoted the development and spread of Neo-Confucianism.Under the double influence of social needs and academic trends of thought,the virtue education of Song Dynasty curriculum was differentiated in the Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties.With the establishment of the official position of neo-confucianism by Cheng and Zhu,the course thought of gematerialism has occupied the mainstream for a long time.At the same time,the mind curriculum and the practical curriculum derived from the two kinds of curriculum thoughts,namely,the self-cultivation of nature and the pragmatism of the world,are also developing continuously.In the aspect of moral cultivation,the former emphasizes the inner mind cultivation,while the latter emphasizes the establishment of external achievements.In a certain period of time,its social influence even surpasses the doctrine of materialism.Although the practical curriculum in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties paid much attention to the knowledge of natural science and emphasized the utility of the curriculum in life,the curriculum thought and practice at this time still took the cultivation of ideal personality as the highest value pursuit and had not yet departed from the scope of virtue education.Since modern times,under the influence of western curriculum trend,Chinese curriculum thought and practice gradually turned to knowledge center and life orientation.In this process,the curriculum gradually forgot the value purview of virtue education.The concealment and alienation of virtue education in modern school curriculum makes it difficult to realize the value of helping adults,and difficult to help the long-term development of society.At present,virtue education has become a fundamental task of education in China.As an important part of six education systems,curriculum ideological and political work is being pushed forward in an all-round way.The school curriculum in Song Dynasty aims at cultivating students’ ideal personality and spiritual realm,which is worth learning from.A series of curriculum practices,centered on virtue education in Song Dynasty,such as curriculum objective,curriculum setting,curriculum content and curriculum learning,have certain enlightenment significance for the current curriculum practice. |
