Researchs On Western Utopian Thoughts In The 20th Century

Starting from the concept of utopia,this article takes the utopian debate in the20 th century western thought circle as the research object.As a long-standing and complex research topic,utopia research has a long tradition in the history of western thought.However,compared with other philosophical concepts,utopia is not only extremely vague in the distinction between academic use and colloquial use,but also has never been allowed definition of human satisfaction.This kind of ambiguity not only makes the study of utopia easy to be challenged in terms of legitimacy;it also makes it difficult to clarify the relationship between utopia and such evil concepts as totalitarianism unprecedented fierce criticism.With this background,in the 20 th century western thought circles,utopian critics from liberalism and utopian defenders from Western Marxism are at the two ends of the utopia dialogue.Utopia,the relationship between totalitarianism and utopia,and other issues have been debated,forming a theoretical landscape unique to the 20 th century.In response to the above-mentioned debates,this study is divided into three parts to sort out and discuss.There are a lot of studies on utopia.Even if we only limit the field of view to a limited period of more than a hundred years in the 20 th century,there are still a large number of researchers and related works;Based on their different standpoints and their specific research methods,they divided utopia researchers in the 20 th century into three theoretical camps: neutral researchers,utopian critics,and utopian defenders,By analyzing the representatives and major works of these three theoretical camps,basic viewpoints and their basic relationship with the utopian debate in the 20 th century become clear.Although this division is not a clear-cut demarcation,it clearly clarifies the theoretical outline of utopia research.The significance of this sorting method is that,on the one hand,it establishes the theoretical background for the emergence of the utopian debate in the 20 th century,and condenses this theoretical debate,which has lasted for more than a hundred years,into the literature of three types of researchers;on the other hand,through this The combing also initially reveals the theoretical differences between the liberal utopian critics and the western Marxist utopian defenders.Taking utopia research as an entry point becomes an opportunity to understand the theoretical differences between the two camps.Although there are numerous studies on utopia,due to the particularity of the concept of metaphysics,there has never been a clear.....,strict......and definite........definition since the birth of the word "Utopia".With a general notion of utopia,this attempt basically follows two different paths.The first path is to summarize the concept of utopia based on the historical materials in the history of thought through the sorting out of utopian texts;the second path is to restore utopia from the pure consciousness field through the purification and restoration of the concept of utopia for the spirit of utopia,and make a phenomenological description of the spirit of utopia.The second part of this article clarifies the concept of utopia phenomenologically,unmasking the concept of utopia from its highly complicated and chaotic application,and points out that the essence of utopia spirit is a kind of transcendent and negative positive expectation emotion.After the historical clarification and the phenomenological clarification,the second part focuses on the main content of the utopian dialogue in the 20 th century,that is,the theoretical analysis of liberal utopian critics and Western Marxist utopian defendersspecialness.The second part of this study is based on the combing of utopian critical theory and defending theory,and mainly adopts the analytical method of philosophical argument to establish the utopian discourse system in the 20 th century.In the theoretical system of utopian critics,absolute rationalism is regarded as the cornerstone of utopia.When this transcendental,supremacy,and universal rationalism tradition enters the field of history and value,it forms an abstract historicism and value monism,they together constitute a utopian way of historical interpretation and historical practice.The main difference between the defenders and critics of utopia lies in the understanding of the root of utopia.The defenders believe that the spirit of utopia with real transcendence and negativity is the root of utopia.As a fundamental dimension of transcendence and negation,when the spirit of utopia enters the field of social history,it becomes an ideal situation opposite to the alienated state of reality,providing the possibility of removing alienation;when the spirit of utopia enters the field of value,it becomes the possibility of aesthetic redemption to recover the transcendence and negation of human beings.The tension between established reality and non-existence,the predicament and escape of modernity,the spirit of utopia and the tradition of absolute rationalism,etc.,shaped the basic structure of utopian discourse in the 20 th century.After discussing the theories of the critics and defenders of utopia,and by clarifying the theoretical connection and differences between the two camps,the third part of this research analyzes the utopia in the 20 th century from the two dimensions of characteristics and reflection.An examination of the ideological debate reveals the significance of this debate to contemporary thinking about modernity.First,by summarizing the characteristics of utopian debates in the 20 th century,five groups of dialectical keywords are formed: "big and small","deep and shallow","far and near","long and short","light and darkness".Then,through reflection on these ch aracteristics,the core of this dialogue is revealed: the theories of the dystopian front and utopian defenders are both reasonable,as the theoretical problems faced by both critics and defenders,from the dilemma of modernity the key to being freed from the struggle lies in restoring the real transcendence and negation dimensions of human beings.The reconstruction of utopian concepts provides the possibility of rebuilding a certain transcendence and negation dimensions in the fields of politics,economy,and culture.Therefore,although the utopian discourse seems to have become a whisper in the ears in contemporary times,as long as people are still talking about the topic of hope and the future,the vitality contained in it will never be exhausted,and it just needs to be activated urgently.