| Rhetoric is the way of being of language and its process of self-movement.Rhetoric is the identity of the thing itself and its expression.Rhetoric expresses language as the reality,truth and meaning integrity of speaking,and rhetoric shows itself as a unified process of language mode of human existence,of self-understanding and ethical self-clarification.In the context of Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics,rhetoric is the basic form of the coexistence of language,logos and practice,and people only have a certain world relationship and life meaning orientation as a speaker.Rhetoric prescribes the possibility of being as human,making man what he is and can be.In this sense,Gadamer’s rhetoric of Solidarity is the philosophy of human life defined by speaking.“Solidarity” in Gadamer is the holistic experience of human’s language existence and living forms,and is an inherent form of human participation in language,tradition and otherness,and shows itself only in the process of language experience.“Solidarity” has the essence of dialogue,including the concrete possibilities of forms of understanding and practice prescribed by speaking,and also the experience of beauty,truth and the relationship of existence expressed by common understanding.“Solidarity” displays in its own movement the identity of language and rhetoric to human existential relationship.“Solidarity” not only displays the dialectical unity of word and thing,speaking and acting,one and many,but also displays the epistemological stipulation of the emotion,reason and ethos elements of rhetoric.Gadamer’s rhetoric and “Solidarity” both displays the fundamental subordination of human beings to a common language,common reason and common form of life.The basic problem domain of Gadamer’s rhetoric is the speaker’s being of reality,being of possibilities and its specific co-existence relationship,including the most extensive language forms such as historical experience,artistic experience and scientific experience.The purpose of this article is to illustrate Gadamer’s rhetoric construction in the thoughts of language,truth,practice and ethics,and its general relevance to “Solidarity”.Firstly,to clarify the ontological construction of rhetoric based on “Solidarity” and its manifestation;Secondly,to demonstrate the identity of knowledge experience in rhetoric and “Solidarity”,as well as the epistemological connotation of the unity of speaking,understanding and practice.And to reveal the common constitutive nature and significance of rhetoric and “Solidarity” in dialogic ethics.Thirdly,to demonstrate rhetoric of “Solidarity” as the new form and its philosophical stipulation by comparing the theoretical continuity and criticality of Gadamer’s rhetoric to the classical rhetoric tradition and major modern rhetoric philosophy.This study also points out main theoretical limitations of Gadamer’s rhetoric,that is,it does not fully clarify the internal hermeneutic components of rhetoric,nor does it fully clarify the epistemological connection between rhetoric and logic.These problems restrict the development of a more reasonable rhetorical view of truth and practice to a certain extent,and also affect the integrational development of hermeneutics,technical practice and philosophy of technology.Chapter One Introduction mainly clarifies research background,research questions and significance of this study,and comprehensively reviews the research status,problems and development trends of Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics and rhetoric at home and abroad,and summarizes the main research ideas,methods and innovations.Chapter Two demonstrates “Solidarity” as the basis of Gadamer’s rhetorical ontology and its manifestation,that is,the reconstruction of rhetoric from a technique or method problem to an ontological problem,and the universality and validity of human rhetorical existence.This chapter is conducted to reveal the specific form of rhetoric as an ontology and its fundamental role in the construction of Gadamer’s hermeneutic ontology.Firstly,work of art exists in its self-speaking,and the artistry and irreplaceability of the work is rooted in the subjectivity of self-speaking,and thus achieves the clarification of its meaning of existence.The constitutive nature of sound in language,as well as the unity of sound and meaning of words,all indicate the rhetoric nature of artistic language.The self-movement of artistic language and people’s intuition to works of art all have the structure of rhetoric debate.“Solidarity” illustrates the unity of the ambiguity and dialectic nature of artistic language,as well as sound and meaning of language.Secondly,“Solidarity” displays the coexistence of rhetoric and understanding,the coexistence of rhetoric and experience,and the identity of rhetoric and language by its dialogic nature.The dialogic relationship of rhetoric ontology precedes any form of knowledge and language,and the common language and common reason of rhetoric has its ontological inevitability.Thirdly,“Solidarity” contains the dimension of identity between logos and speaking and its realm of experience.Logos is a universal dialogic relationship manifested by the reality of language,and it is a language event that defines existence of things and their possibilities of movement.Logos is a common language form displayed in the historical nature of understanding and individual finitude.The dialectic movement in which logos and speaking coexist is mainly manifested as: the non-linear relationship between logos and knowledge generation indicates the process of logos self-revelation;logos within itself and its interaction with ergon,It is not only an epistemological problem,but also contains rhetoric elements such as human character,emotion,imposition and interest;Logos is a unity of temporal and non-temporal dialectic movements,and its temporality is expressed as the historical character of the interlocutor,the historicity of the text,and the historicity of the existential relationship between the interlocutor and the text;its non-temporality is mainly manifested in the pre-determination of the existing structure of language for people,and the rupture of logos with tradition and authority.Chapter Three demonstrates the epistemological identity of Gadamer’s rhetoric truth and “Solidarity” and its application,that is,the reconstruction of rhetoric from a theory of speaking and understanding to basic form of knowledge,as well as the rhetoric nature of human knowledge form and practical reason.This chapter further reveals the specific form of rhetoric as a kind of epistemology and its significance to the construction of Gadamer’s view of truth and practice.Firstly,to clarify important theoretical connections between Gadamer’s rhetoric truth and Plato and Hegelian dialectics,Heidegger’s ontological truth and Perelman’s rhetorical reason.Secondly,rhetoric truth and “Solidarity” are of identical nature as form of understanding and form of practice.Both are commonalities of dialogic relations and appear as the same application event,historical event and meaning event.Thirdly,rhetoric truth re-establishes the ontological relationship between truth and speaking,and the dialectical relationship between language and things themselves.The objectivity of rhetoric truth is manifested in the dialogic subjectivity of Logos,the logical objectivity of intersubjectivity and the inner dialectic of language.Metaphor,imagination,imitation,and symbol are all concrete manifestations of rhetoric truth.Chapter Four discusses the common ethical dimension of Gadamer’s rhetoric and “Solidarity” and its significance,that is,the reconstruction of rhetoric from a pragmatic or value norm to a dialogic ethics,and expounds the historical manifestations of rhetoric practice and its impact.Firstly,traditional rhetoric practice is mainly manifested in the political practice of rhetoric of ancient Greek sophists,Plato and Aristotle,the educational and legal practice of rhetoric in ancient Rome,and the religious practice of Augustine rhetoric.Second,rhetoric and “Solidarity” are unified in the commonality of dialogic relations,the commonality of argumentative forms,and the commonality of emotions,with a unified form of theoretical Bildung and practical Bildung.Thirdly,Gadamer’s view of kairos,friendship and “Solidarity” are important contents of the ethical construction of rhetoric.Chapter Five illustrates theoretical origins of the formation and development of Gadamer’s rhetoric,that is,its continuation and critical relationship with rhetoric tradition and modern philosophy of rhetoric.This chapter attempts to clarify the historical status,significance and future developments of Gadamer’s rhetoric of “Solidarity”,in order to reveal its theoretical and practical significance for coping with human’s digital existence and technological dilemma.Firstly,Gadamer’s rhetoric of “Solidarity” is a critical development of the rhetoric theories of Plato,Aristotle,Cicero and Quintilian,which is mainly manifested as: the development of the belonging relationship between truth and being in Plato’s dialectics,and its connection with the wholeness of human form of life;a rhetoric standard of truth developed from Socrates’ postulation method;the development of Aristotle’s rhetoric syllogism and its form of rhetoric reasoning,and the establishment of the intersubjective relationship of reason,emotion and ethos;the development of Aristotle’s rhetoric relation of reason and practice in its category of species,and extension of its concept of friendship to all practice region;the development of common moral attributes of practical reason,scientific knowledge and technical knowledge;the inherence of educational functions of Cicero and Quintilian’s rhetoric,and the development of the unity of language and thought,and the unity of rhetoric reason and virtue.Secondly,the development of rhetoric definition of Nietzsche’s language and its critique of grammatical forms,as well as the hermeneutic application of Nietzsche’s perspective theory;the development of combination of Heidegger’s method and Aristotle’s practical reason.Thirdly,Gadamer’s rhetoric of “Solidarity” can be developed into a new form of technology-mediated digital hermeneutics,and the hermeneutics of big data texts can serve as a model for good reading,writing,and speaking.Conclusion summarizes the basic philosophical form,status,function and significance of Gadamer’s rhetoric in its hermeneutics,and points out limitations of current research,and proposes corresponding improvement methods.Gadamer’s rhetoric is based on the theoretical paradigm of philosophical hermeneutics,revealing the dialectical unity of language,thought,existence and practice in rhetoric,and constructing a new form of rhetoric as basic mode of existence,cognition and practice of human beings.Gadamer’s rhetoric reveals man’s specific subordination to tradition,logos and otherness,and shows all the possibilities of man’s self-understanding and the ontological inevitability of common life forms.Gadamer’s rhetoric is an important component of criticality in hermeneutics,revealing the priority of language to knowledge and the stipulation of ethics in ontology,promoting the dialectical unity of subject and object,knowledge and practice,and promoting the traditional ontology to a mode of rhetoric being,as well as the traditional theory of truth to a rhetoric truth.Gadamer’s rhetoric of “Solidarity” is an important theoretical and practical plan for building a human community.Gadamer’s rhetoric of “Solidarity” contributes to the development of the universal coexistence of technology and rhetoric,and is an effective solution to problems of contemporary technology and the dilemma of human digital existence. |
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