| In the ancient east Asia,with China as the core of "huayi order" and based on its "Tributary System" has been the region’s geopolitical structure system foundation,also has been in the architecture of the Korean peninsula,is an important part of the "huayi order" : on the one hand,Korea on culture and Chinese civilization highly homologous,sucking it so for a long time to gain nutrition;On the other hand,the internal stability and external security of Korea all depend on the effective support provided by the Chinese regime.However,this situation was greatly challenged in the middle and late 19 th century.From 1870 s to 1880 s,China’s frontier crisis became increasingly serious,especially after Japan annexed Ryukyu.The traditional Chinese world order principle could not maintain the " Tributary System" between China and Korea,and the original power structure in Northeast Asia with China as the absolute center also fell to the brink of complete collapse.The government of the late Qing Dynasty tried to strengthen the strategic defense in the east by actively intervening in the internal and foreign affairs of Korea,in order to achieve the goal of "controlling foreigners with foreigners" in the Korean Peninsula.As a core aide of Li Hongzhang who was familiar with international law affairs,Ma Jianzhong went to Korea three times in one year in 1882 and led the opening of Korean ports.On the basis of "vassal sovereignty",ma put forward the view of "reality belonging to a state",which actually combined the traditional Chinese strategy of "controlling foreigners by foreigners" with the modern "balance of power policy".However,due to the influence of the historical environment and international relations at that time,the result of the operation seems to be not successful,and even objectively accelerated the speed of Korea’s separation from the Tributary System.Their entanglement between "belonging to the state" and "autonomy" seems to confirm that it is an impossible task to maintain the " Tributary System " between China and Korea in the modern geopolitical competition on the Korean Peninsula,and the collapse of the "Tributary System" is just the concrete manifestation of the beginning of the modern geopolitical competition on the Korean Peninsula.This paper,from the perspective of Ma Jianzhong’s practice of the principle of "non-adherence" in the diplomatic field of the late Qing Dynasty,focuses on the achievements and mistakes of his diplomatic practice,examines China’s foreign exchanges since the first Opium War in 1840 and attempts to open a new perspective to understand China’s modern and contemporary history from this perspective.In addition to the introduction and conclusion,this paper is divided into five chapters:The first chapter is titled "The Dangerous Situation of the Chinese-Barbarian Order in East Asia in the Middle and Late 19 th Century and Ma Jianzhong in It",which is the background of this article.This chapter focuses on two parts,one is the international political,economic and cultural situation after the middle of the 19 th century(especially after the end of the first Sino-British Opium War in 1840 and the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing)and the various aspects involved in the "Korean issue" at that time.Fang Li’s reality and interest considerations,and the second is Ma Jianzhong’s personal experience(including his traditional Chinese cultural background and the influence of Western learning during his stay in France),and based on this,he analyzes his personal deep thoughts.cultural conflict.The second chapter is titled "The Foreign Policy of ’Non-stick’ to Solve the North Korean Issue".Based on the etymological investigation of the word "non-stick," in this chapter,it is The reasons for the connotation of the foreign policy of the late Qing government in the 19 th century and the considerations of all parties,and go deep into the depth of its mechanism to examine its specific manifestations in culture,economy,politics and other aspects and the rationale behind it.The third chapter is titled "North Korea under the influence of the foreign policy of ’not sticking and not letting go’".This chapter focuses on the historical events of Ma Jianzhong’s three envoys to North Korea in 1882,and analyzes Ma Jianzhong’s policy of "not sticking and not letting go" during this process.On this basis,it focuses on analyzing the follow-up impact of Ma Jianzhong’s actions on the "North Korea issue" and the later diplomatic dilemmas and countermeasures in the late Qing Dynasty.The fourth chapter is titled "The Influence of Ma Jianzhong’s ’Non-stick’ Policy on North Korea After Ma Jianzhong’s Leaving the DPRK",this chapter analyzes the domestic and foreign troubles of North Korea at that time with the focus on the impact of Ma Jianzhong’s "non-stick" policy on North Korea after his departure from the DPRK.The fifth chapter is titled "The Modern Diplomatic Enlightenment of the Principle of ’Never Get Rid Of’".Based on the discussion in the previous three chapters,this chapter looks back at this period of history from today’s perspective,and analyzes the theoretical problems hidden in it.It is pointed out that the policy of "not sticking and not getting rid of" was an inevitable choice determined by the political,economic and cultural factors of the late Qing government at that time,but the paradox lies in the fact that this "inevitable choice" was hidden from the very beginning.The end of "inevitable failure" is rooted in the fact that the late Qing government tried to maintain the previous "tributary system" and "Chinese-Barbarian order" and the fundamental purpose of maintaining its own rule had become logical in the context of the expansion of Western powers in the 19 th century.Both above and theoretically impossible.In the end,this article holds that the enlightenment from this historical fact is profound:First,a country’s comprehensive national strength is an important factor in determining its foreign policy,but not the whole reason.Second,the direction of a country’s foreign policy depends on whose interests those in power are defending.Third,the fundamental principle of judging a country’s foreign policy is whether it is beneficial to the country’s future development.Fourth,an either-or middle course is probably not the best foreign policy choice for a weak country.The tragedy of the first generation of diplomats in modern China,represented by Ma Jianzhong,was indeed influenced by objective factors such as the historical environment,but perhaps more importantly,they lacked a profound and detailed understanding of China’s future and destiny,which was also the most important inspiration they brought to the future generations!... |
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