Study On Archaeological Culture Of The Neolithic Age In Haidai Region

Presently,four archaeological cultures dating back to the Neolithic Age within the Cultural Region of Haidai have been named,which are the Houli culture,Beixin culture,Dawenkou culture and Longshan culture,respectively.Additionally,there are also two other cultural relics dating earlier in the region,that is,the Bianbiandong Relics and Zhangmatun Relics.The above six archaeological cultures or relics basically spanned the entire history of the Neolithic Age.The first chapter is an introduction to the topic,which explains the spatial-temporal range,geographic division,chronological system,research content,a brief history of research,research approach and methods related to this study,and proposes a microscopic research perspective using regional types as a basic unit.In the second chapter,the characteristics of materials from earlier archaeological sites in the Cultural Region of Haidai,such as Bianbiandong,Zhangmatun and Liujizhuangzi,are summarized.This paper argues that these archaeological sites represent two types of relics characterized by flat-bottom artifacts,with those from the Bianbiandong relics appearing earlier and Zhangmatun relics later.Chapters 3 through 6 present a comprehensive chronological study of Houli,Beixin,Dawenkou and Longshan cultures across different groups,phases and periods,as well as a sub-cultural study across different regional types.Specifically,the Houli culture can be divided into three periods,four phases and three-regional types;additionally,the Wensi River Basin in the south of Tai-Yi Mountains may also constitute a regional type represented by the Dujiatangbei relics.The Beixin culture can be divided into 3 periods,6 phases and 4 regional types.The Dawenkou culture can be divided into 3 periods,13 phases and 11 regional types.The Longshan culture can be divided into 3 periods,10 phases and 6 regional types.As such,a sub-cultural system based on the temporal scale of cultural periods and phases and regional types has been constructed.In the seventh chapter,using cultural periods and phases as temporal scale,the neolithic archaeological cultural relics in the Cultural Region of Haidai are uniformly classified into 35 scale graduations at the minimum temporal level.On that basis,8 major relatively larger cultural periods can be established,that is,the Bianbiandong relics period,Zhangmatun relics period,Houli culture period,Beixin culture period,early Dawenkou culture period,middle Dawenkou culture period,late Dawenkou culture period and Longshan culture period,which correspond to the Paleolithic-Neolithic transition period,early Chahai period,middle and late Chahai period,early Yangshao period,middle Yangshao period,late Yangshao period,early Longshan period and late Longshan period,respectively.Finally,these 8periods can be further integrated into 4 major phases,which are the flat-bottom artifact phase,conical-bottom cauldron period,vessel cauldron phase and cauldron-gui phase.Using the 3 temporal gradations as the y-axis and different scales encompassing the 8 periods and 4 phases as the x-axis,the spatio-temporal relationships between different regional types in the Haidai region during the Neolithic Age can be expressed,that is,a “sub-spatiotemporal framework” with regional types as basic units is preliminarily constructed.In the eighth chapter,based on the sub-spatiotemporal framework in the Haidai region,an analysis of the ordinates and abscissa data concerning the lineage relationship between various regional types is conducted,followed by a classification of 6 genetically related sub-cultural systems,which are the Xisangyuan,Xiaojinshan,Fuzhuang,Beishicun,Sanlihe and Lingyanghe sub-cultural systems.According to the different characteristics of its development context,it can be divided into “unilinear subculture system”and “compound subculture system ”.And it also sums up the sub-spatiotemporal relationship of various sub-cultural systems.In The ninth chapter,on the basis of sub-cultural systems,this research outlines the evolutionary trends of type places and the “sub-cultural patterns”with their sub-cultural systems as basic units.Specifically,these include the origin of the “co-existent pattern between north and south” during the Bianbiandong relics period,the formation of the “co-existent pattern between north and south” during the Houli culture period,the formation of the “Wensi Center”pattern during the Beixin culture period,the further development of the “Wensi Center” pattern during the early Dawenkou culture period which peaked during the middle Dawenkou culture period,the formation of a new “coexistent pattern between east and west” during the late Dawenkou culture period,the continued development of the “coexistent pattern between east and west” during the Longshan culture period and new changes and developments during the late Longshan culture period.With respect to the overall development of the Haidai region,the introduction of the conical-bottom relics,the influence of the Peiligang and Shuangdun cultures,as well as the subsequent influences of the Qingliangang relics in the south,Longqiuzhuang culture,Songze culture and Xuejiagang culture,the westward expansion and internal fragmentation of the Dawenkou culture have all imposed profound impacts on the historical progress and changes of the Haidai region.With the emergence of the Wangyoufang culture,the western region including the Suiwo River Basin and the middle reaches of the Jishui River had departed from the category of the Haidai region,while the remaining principal territory gradually converged towards a unification.With an imbalance of eastern and western place-type powers,the original “coexistent pattern between east and west” started to change.In The tenth chapter,conclusion,summarizes the main points and achievements of the full text,and puts forward the deficiencies.