Study On Taoist Stone Sculptures Of Laozi/laojun Inthe Tang,Song And Yuan Dynasties

Laozi is the archetype of rock statue made by laojun of qingyuan mountain in quanzhou.After the establishment of Taoism in the eastern han dynasty,laozi was regarded as the first ancestor of Taoism and respected god.Later,laozi underwent the image transformation from human to god from the image of the Taoist school representative,the image of the highest respect for god in Taoism,to the image of "emperor" in the tang and song dynasties.Taoism was founded against idol worship.With the spread of Buddhism to the east,under the stimulation of buddhist statues,kou qianzhi in the north dynasty and lu xiujing in the south dynasty successively started the reform of "clearing up Taoism" and "covering up three caves",and the earliest Taoist ancestor laozi statues appeared.There are three main types of Taoist lao-tzu/lao-jun statues: stone statues,palace statues and cliff grottoes.Statues of stone tablets in shaanxi guanzhong,shanxi,henan and other places,its peak period in the late northern dynasty,sui and tang period there are still a lot of continuation.Before the northern qi and northern zhou dynasties,Taoist statues and stone tablets were often called "Taoist statues" and "stone statues" in their inscriptions.Taoist lao-tzu/lao-jun statues in the sui and tang dynasties were mostly made in the form of one statue,two statues and three statues.During the tang and song dynasties,the imperial power strongly advocated Taoism,and built palaces and statues of the emperor xuanyuan throughout the country.In the tang dynasty,the forms of tianzun temple and laojun temple were more popular.In the song dynasty,the Taoist deity system was mature and the model of sanqing temple prevailed.In tang and song dynasties,laozi/laojun statues were mainly distributed in the Taoist and buddha-taoist mixed grottoes in bashu area.After the reign of tianbao,laojun and tianzun began to distinguish in image and posture.Lao-tzu/lao-jun image,for the head to wear a lotus crown,wear a wide sleeve road robe,the hands of the tail,the other hand or three feet by several style.The statues in song dynasty are mainly concentrated in dazu district,chongqing,and popular in sanqing grottoes.Another important feature of the statues in the song dynasty was the popularity of the three religions.There were two forms of the statues,one was the parallel opening of caves,the other was the coexistence of Buddhism,Taoism and Confucianism.In the grottoes of the three religions,the image of laojun taishang,as the representative of Taoism,has gained prominence.The statue of Lao zi/Lao jun in yuan dynasty showed a tendency of decline.Shanxi longshan grottoes in the image of the old prince,but the hands of the jiantou and the body in front of the three feet by several have disappeared,replaced by the hands in the sleeve posture.During the tang,song and yuan dynasties,quanzhou developed into a famous international trade port.The historic "southern crossing of clothes" and the southbound migration of the song dynasty promoted the development of religious culture in quanzhou,and produced the most important stone sculpture of laozi in qingyuan mountain in the history of Chinese Taoism.Compared with the traditional Taoist laotzu/lao-jun statues,lao-jun rock statues are totally different from the traditional Taoist statues in character image,posture and gesture treatment,and are an isolated example in the ancient lao-tzu/lao-jun statues.Painted statues to originated in wu daoxuan laozi as "xuan yuan ten subgraph" during the song and yuan period of laozi as the image,and the song dynasty promoted the pop wood on this,with a few sit d the wall image and sitting position,the combination of rock formed the old king Lao tze statues unique artistic style,show with past/old Lao tze jun stone carving inherited a completely different image system.Statues adopt the technique of stone modeling,which inherits the modeling tradition from the pre-qin dynasty to the han dynasty,and has the same origin as the ancient sculptures such as the huo qubing tomb sculpture group.The lao-jun rock statue is not dressed in "dharma" but only dressed in a Taoist robe.The shape of the Taoist robe and the treatment of hanging silk and other costumes are similar to the sanqing statue in the sanqing shrine no.4 in dazu shucenyan and the laozi statue in the three-religion cave no.2 in miaogao mountain,which conforms to the Taoist costume style of the song dynasty.The stone chamber members unearthed near the statue have the same style as the twin towers of the kaiyuan temple in quanzhou and other stone building components in quanzhou at the same time,which indicates that laojun rock had stone chamber enclosure during the southern song dynasty.Combined with the records of stone inscription in the reconstruction of qingyuan chunyang cave records,it can be proved that the stone chamber period of laozi statue in qingyuan mountain is the southern song dynasty.As a Taoist statue,all forms of language of the statue of laozi in qingyuan mountain are to promote its belief and religious spirit.The position of the statue conforms to the Taoist concept of "heaven and earth",which can be understood as "heaven and earth",and the statue was called "feather celestial rock" before the Ming dynasty,which is the image of laozi ascending celestial being,which is an appropriate annotation to the Taoist concept of "heaven and earth".Statues by the unique modelling and huge volume,the viewer’s heart will feel deeply touched,of the people to see is no longer a daunting,rigid,can only far view idol,but a vivid,wisdom,kind,and immortal image incorporated in the "tao",the old gentleman rock statue of "divine" performance have been weakened,not only had the strengthening of the more specific and vivid.The statues portray the Taoist gods with Taoist and Taoist "tao" as the main body and the inner spirit of Confucianism and Buddhism,which reflects the trend of The Times of "the convergence of the three religions".The statue inherited the spirit of the wei and jin dynasties and the spirit of the gentry,borrowed from the wei,jin and song dynasties of vimarai and literati painting portrait posture,the use of wu daozi to create the image of laozi,vivid and accurate performance of the image of the "god" and "tao" spirit.