| The economic and legal issues during Tibetan ruled Western Regions were an important topic in the study of the development history of the Western Regions.Chinese and ancient Tibetan litigation documents,contract documents,books,books unearthed in the Western Region were more intuitive to reflect the practical problems encountered in the implementation of the economic and legal systems.Such as ruler handles legal disputes and public participates in economic activities during Tibetan ruled Western Regions.Through comparison with the specific situation of the early period of Tang and the reign of the Guiyi Army,we was possible to understand the significance of the times that Tibetan ruled Western Regions more clearly.Fiscal revenue is the economic basis for regime to survive.The objects,contents,forms,and amounts of taxes collected in different periods were also different.The object taxation of household tax during the Tibetan ruled except for the fields of the household,it also covers assets and population of the household.The man or the appropriate slaves in the household should be conquered for military service,and each household was required to pay certain military supplies in Tibetan period.According to the decrees,Tibetan rulers penaltied the behaviors of tribal pioneer and tribal chiefs who lost horses.Moreover,the amount of tax paid by people is greater than the penalty for defaulting on the annual debt and the penalty for not paying the military,reflecting the heavy burden of taxation on the people.It was common that Tibetans owe taxes.People often repay the amount of tax owed by way of borrowing.The borrowing interests were returned in double,so the burdens of taxation were actually increased.The income and expenditure of local finance were important topics in local economic research.There were two kinds of management regulations and three-layer management system in local finance expenditure during the period of Tibetan rule.Tibetan rulers set up two granaries in Shazhou,managed by professional food officer.The expenditure of local temples has been included in local financial management of Tibetan.They established a system which three households raise a monk to ensure the daily expenses of the temple.The local fiscal accounting had forms of monthly account,semi-annual account,and biennial annual account.These accounting methods presented prototype of "the four-column settle accounting method",which was in the transition period from three columns to four columns.Administration,military and religious expenses are important parts of local fiscal expenditure.Before and after Tibetan fallen,there was a close continuity between the accounting cycle and methods of local fiscal expenditure.But accounting format and expenditure management had own characteristics.Lands and land system related issues have always been the focus of academic attention.The stratification of land rights and the public and private attributes of lands make the settlement of land disputes more complicated.The land was insufficient supply during the period of Tibetan ruled.In this case,people chose to partner with others to cultivate lands.Tibetan rulers promoted the system of granting lands based on population.The land that people received was recorded in the land account book.The land acquired by different households may be adjacent.However,because of land adjacent,it would prone to disputes.When land dispute arose,Tibetan rulers usually check the field contract,and the preventive measures have been taken to avoid disputes.Year of the rat,Tibetan rulers adjusted grassland and agricultural land,therefore the land rights changed,and land disputes often arose due to ownership issues.Under Tibetan’s Policy for "the Revitalization of Buddhism",the land dispute what involving temple property would first consider to protecting the interests of monks in temple.In the judgment,the used of "dice divination" seems to have the meaning of ancient God’s judgment.Employment involves personal leasing,attachment,and exploitation had also received much attention from the academic community for a long time.Combined with the command of the Tibetan rulers to change the written words of the contract and the tribal formation in the contract,we re-predicting the writing age of ten employment contracts unearthed in Dunhuang.Compare the provisions in the employment contract,employment relationship is divided into four types,which servants were completely enslaved,servants were relatively passive,employers were relatively equal,and servants were relatively active.In the development of the employment contract,the period of Tibetan ruled was a crucial period during past and future.The forms of employment contracts had developed on the basis of the Tang Dynasty,and inherited by the period of Guiyi Army ruled.From the writing form of the employment contract,methods of chronology,and quantity system of Tibetan,we can see ethnic characteristics of the period of Tibetan ruled.The issue of slavery was an important part of the system of Liangjian identity system.Through a P.t.1081 complaint about Li Yangbei,a slave to the Tuyuhun Moheyan tribe,we realized slave contract in the Tibetan period has legal effect.However,contractual penalties to sellers are limited.Tibetan household accounts and Tang Dynasty household documents had similarities in format and content.The slave account was declared by the head of households.There were differences between the two on the filing date and the membership of the household registration.’Old Tuyuhun’ originally belonged to Tuyuhun jurisdiction.After the Tibetan occupation,Tibetan ruler established the "new" Tuyuhun tribe in the old place.Compared withChinese,Sutton,and Uyghur slave contracts,ancient Tibetan contract had a private deed attribute,more detailed provisions on the rights and obligations of buyers and sellers,and there are ethnic characteristics in Chronological method.After Shazhou was trapped,a more complicated situation was formed.The ancient Tibetan P.t.1077 litigation documents unearthed in Dunhuang area,was reflected the interweaving and interaction between the Tang and the Tibetans under the complicated relationship between the ethnic group and the society.The ethnic and social relations in the Shazhou were extremely complicated during Tibetan ruled.Starting from P.t.1077,a complaint filed by Tang governor who fallen into Tibetan,we discussed the different cognition in the identity of Guanbu,validity of the contract,and satisfaction of the debt between Tang governor fallen into Tibetan and Tibetan Lang-qibu.Combine the cognition and fit of Tang law and Tibetan law,we understanding the cultural integration and interaction between people in Tang and Tibetan.From litigation documents,the people in Tang and Tibetan were dispute because of different perceptions of things during Tibetan ruled.Therefore,the interactive understanding between people in Tang and Tibetan is the fundamental path to resolve such disputes. |
