A Study Of The Extraordinary Collocation In Chinese Under The Principle Of Compensation

Based on previous research findings,this projects undergoes a comprehensive study on Chinese extraordinary collocations under the principle of compensation.It is meant to describe,define and categorize extraordinary collocations systematically,using theories of cognition and semantic analysis.As a result,it clarifies the differences between extraordinary collocations,normal collocations,and conventional collocations,as well as rhetorical collocation.It analyses the statement’s features and the relationship between statements of extraordinary collocations,and find the path of semantic conversion and derivation in their inner structures.Most importantly,it reveals the dynamic mechanism in the use of the language and explains the interrelationship between the conditions,strategies and goals concerning extraordinary collocations,concludes that there are two modes of compensation,namely,autonomous compensation and automatic compensation.Besides,a great progress has been made in the study of compensation strategies.Many previous studies have highlighted the unusual side of extrordinary collocations.Through comparison and semantic construction analysis,this paper argues that extraordinary collocations are on a continuum from innovational,half conventional,conventional to the formal forms.On the one hand,they have different characteristics from normal structures.On the other hand,they maintain a coincident relationship with common ones.The essence of supernormal collocation is to reflect the subjectivity of semantics,the false surface is only a reflection of subjectivity.As long as the subjective mark is added,the false impression collapses immediately,and it will turn from non-authentic statement into natural statement of non-realistic category.In order to represent more levels of meanings in limited length,meanings beyond the basic semantic denotation,such as psychological,emotional and emergent meanings,extraordinary collocations usually omit some semantic symbols that can be discerned by activating readers’ cognitive mechanism to retrieve meanings in and out of linguistics symbols.As a result,more innovative and perceptual effects are achieved.Meanwhile,driven by the cooperative principle,decoding is a process of active semantic reconstruction,during which extraordinary collocations can not only effectively transfer information,but also bring about psychological feedback to what is expressed,such as"fresh","vivid" or "humorous".That is to say,human beings play a vital role in language activities,as functional linguistics tells us.There are two orientations to the study of extraordinary collocations:one is the similarity with the regular ones,and the other is the difference from the regular ones.The extraordinary collocation is different from the conventional ones in the following aspects:hierarchical representation,complicated statements,and the smaller ratio of form to meaning.This produces the effect of being rich in meaning and more concise in form.At the same time,it has the advantage of expressing unique experience and better conversational effects.Extraordinary collocations can be divided into two types:reformative construction and creative construction.The former is the transformation of the old forms,and it has a conversational effect of newness;while the latter is the creation and expression with extra meanings,and it integrates the cognition with new things.The above points can be summed up as its differences from the regular sentence.As for their similarities,we can analyze from the following three aspects.First,the extraordinary collocation is a subjective statement,and its superficial form violates normal grammatical rules or Limit Selection Conditions,often in the form of a false proposition.Nevertheless,its corresponding underlying discourse’s true.Secondly,the extraordinary collocation accords with the Principle of Adequate Quantity,which shows that it is irregular at a certain grammatical or semantic level,but on other levels it reinforces the unity with the conventional.It is mainly embodied in the consistency of grammar,the identification?of semantics and the cross-reference of context.Thus,extraordinary collocations maintain a balance with conventional structures while manifesting differences.We proved that creative construction represents linguistic processing on the basis of metaphorical structure.It deriving from the conventional metaphors,while the metaphorical structure serving as a cognitive background for the former.If advancing a bit further into cognition,we will again find that shared culture and conceptual systems function as the sources for extraordinary collocations.From the above three aspects,we can conclude that there exists a loose link between extraordinary collocations and common structures in the range of human cognition.This study demonstrates that supernormal collocations reflect the dynamic functioning of language,and proposes that the compensation mechanisms can be categorized into two modes:autonomous compensation and automatic compensation.And according to different compensation goals,autonomous compensation can be further divided into compensation for novelty and compensation for vividness.The former is intentionally modeled by the speaker for the goal of obtaining newness or novelty.The speaker initiatively breaks the general rule by transforming what the collective are accustomed to into new forms,as making magic,thus he produces the intended effect of novelty and uniqueness.The compensation for vividness comes from semantic subjectivity and grammatical constraints.In order to express a unique personal sense or experience,the speaker must inject new elements into the original content or integrate new content into the old form.This encoding happens unconsciously and inevitably.It leads to the deviation from the original meaning,and the expressive effect of vividness and newness.By using the strategies of autonomous compensation,speakers show some unspeakable meaning through linguistic forms,making the impossible possible and extending the function of language to creatively reflect and describe the psychological world as well as the external world.Thus,Novelty compensation comes from the speaker and is determined by the internal causes,while vividness compensation arises from the target of speech,caused by external causes.The intention of the encoder and the system rules mutually constrain each other during the encoding process,which produces a more concise or more subtle semantic constructions,and changes the rules of the system,making it accept the limited transformation by human while keeping its own stability.Automatic compensation refers to the compensatory effect produced in the process of autonomous compensation,mainly the harmonious effect by the coordination of pronunciation,rhythm and sentence pattern.The strategy for autonomous compensation can be summarized as two types,one is called Barriers and the other is Bridging,with the former intended to make the decoding effect delayed,while the latter to express the unspeakable feelings and experience.By using a series of approaches such as flexibility of words meaning,syntactic transposition,conceptual integration,structure reduction and clipping,and the integration of all these means as well,the barrier compensation set up appropriate obstacles,making the context complex,so as to stimulate the reader to start cognitive reconstruction,and eventually reach an expressive effect of newness.The bridging type interview a concept in mind to accomplish the transformation from rare to popular,from the external to the internal,form invisible to tangible,from abstract to concrete,and eventually reach a vivid expressive effect.On the surface,the "wall" in barrier type and"bridge" in bridging type are the explanatory resources.But in fact,their strategies are quite different.The "barrier" is to put up a barrier,so that something intermediate should be added to the original language for the comprehensive understanding of the context.The process of Bridging is to add links between a pair of relations which need to be explained.The Barrier strategy will render understanding delayed.And the bridge type refers to the changed original collocation,to open a path to explain the regulated change and shorten the delay.Therefore to regulate is to explain.And in the case of the"barrier",cognition is what extraordinary collocations are based on.Using the compensation principle,the final conclusion draws by this paper is that the exceptional extraordinary collocation has negative energy,but in communication,it produces positive energy,and the pragmatic expressive effect compensates for the destructive force.The result is extraordinary collocations are accepted into the language system,and become wonderful sentences.The new rules become a supplement to language,which exists in the dynamic process of language use.