The Effects Of Natural Enemy Insects And Repellent Plants On Controlling Important Greenhouse Pests

Insect infestations can reduce productivity or quality,resulting in a loss of income for farmers.Pests cause billions of dollars in damage and pesticide consumption throughout the world.Aphids and whiteflies are two of the most frequent insect pests in greenhouses across the world.Recognizing the dangers of agro-pesticides on human and animal health.Biological control is regarded to be a safe and ecologically beneficial technique in this regard.Natural enemies play an important role in pest biological control and the substitution of synthetic pesticides for more ecologically friendly alternatives such as the utilization of plants and their essential oils.Both methods are important components of integrated pest management(IPM).The results are as follows:(1)The augmentation release of Menochilus sexmaculatus and Coccinella septempunctata L.in the presence of Coriandrum sativum plant systems increased fecundity,biocontrol agent efficacy,and secondary population reduction of target pests.The most prevalent conservation biological control approach is the incorporation of floral resources into a crop.C.sativum was the plant species employed as blooming plants in our first experiment,which was spread in the greenhouse in several locations and had an effect on M.sexmaculatus and C.septempunctata L.due to decreased aphid and whitefly densities in cucumber,these two species,along with the availability of flowering plants,are great candidates for biological control.The predatory power of Coccinella septempunctata L.+ flowering plant was discovered to be maximum in the fifth and sixth weeks on aphid and whitefly.The fecundity rate of M.sexmaculatus and C.septempunctata L.is influenced by C.sativum,L.,the MSc R plot with floral plant had the highest fecundity rate,whereas the CS plot without floral plant had the lowest.This conservation biological control strategy is an effective method to enhance native and augmented population of biological control agents in Mediterranean greenhouses.(2)The two techniques of extraction resulted in essential oils that were more efficient against aphids.The greatest activity was related with extracts produced using this approach for the longest time in fumigant toxicity,contact toxicity,fecundity,and greenhouse studies.One of the most prevalent and dangerous pests is the green peach aphid Myzus persicae(Homoptera:Aphididae).Plant extracts include a variety of active components that may be used to defend against pests,and a comprehensive search for effective and environmentally friendly pest control options,particularly those derived from botanicals,is now ongoing.This study looked at the effects of five botanicals against Myzus persicae,including Citrullus colocynthis,Nicotiana tobaccum L.,and seeds of Trachyspermum ammi,Azadirachta indica,and Withania coagulans.Botanical oils were extracted from powder using ethanol oil extraction(EOE)and extraction through boiling(ETB),and their insecticidal activity was evaluated in a laboratory and a greenhouse.T.ammi caused the most deaths(81.7%),followed by C.colocynthis(76.5%),N.tobaccum(63.0%),A.indica(56.5%),and W.cagulans(50.0%).Plant extracts exhibited strong insecticidal effects,suggesting that they might be used as botanical pesticides in integrated pest control systems.(3)The essential oils of T.ammi,W.coagulans,and Murraya koenigii extracted in ethanol successfully controlled the adult and nymph stage of whiteflies,and inhibited the oviposition of whiteflies.The highest dose provided the greatest effect(toxic,repellent,and oviposition-deterrent)as well as the longest period of activity in both laboratory and greenhouse trials.Whitefly is one of the most widespread agricultural pests in the world.Essential oils might be used to control this insect in an environmentally responsible way.The fumigant,repellent,and anti-oviposition activity of ethanol-extracted essential oils of T.ammi,W.coagulans,and M.koenigii against Bemisia tabaci was investigated in this study.In the experiment,three essential oil concentrations(2.5 mg/ml,5mg/ml,and 10 mg/ml)were used.T.ammi had the highest percentage of whitefly death in laboratory experiments due to its fumigant toxicity;the same tendency was found in contact toxicity and repellent effect.Mortality percent rises as the concentration of essential oil increases with bioassay time.As the concentration of essential oil grows with bioassay time,so does the mortality rate.The most adult whiteflies escaped from the treated plants’ greenhouse due to the highest essential oil concentration.The greatest repellency was found with T.ammi essential oil at 10 mg/ml.The essential oil had the greatest antioviposition efficacy against whiteflies.T.ammi possessed the most potent anti-oviposition deterrent,followed by W.coagulans in second place.M.koenigii finished third with moderate anti-oviposition,which affects the number of eggs produced in comparison to the control.As a consequence,these three oils might be used as an effective and environmentally acceptable bio-insecticide to control B.tabaci.