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Research On Supply And Demand Of Ecosystem Services In Kaidu-Kongque River Basin,Xinjiang

Posted on:2024-02-17Degree:DoctorType:Dissertation
Country:ChinaCandidate:Y J YanFull Text:PDF
GTID:1521307313481984Subject:Agricultural Economics and Management
Abstract/Summary:PDF Full Text Request
The arid watershed is a unique geospatial unit on Earth that encompasses a complex ecosystem of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes,grasslands,and sand,all interconnected through the hydrological cycle with water resources at the forefront.Unlike the watershed ecosystems in humid areas,the natural conditions such as meteorology,soil,landform,and land in this area are distinct.The arid basin ecosystem plays a crucial role in supporting regional human survival and social development,providing an array of direct and indirect ecological services,including essential materials,energy,and water resources.However,due to the lack of water resources and the high evaporation rate,vegetation communities in arid areas are sparse,making the ecosystem extremely fragile and sensitive.Furthermore,due to the poor resource endowment and unfavorable location,human intervention in the natural environment can cause significant impact,leading to a dual dilemma of hindering social development and degrading the ecological environment.As the regional population grows and social and economic output increases,human demand for ecosystem services also increases,leading to conflicts and contradictions among these services.This mismatch between supply and demand of regional ecosystem services poses a serious threat to regional human well-being and sustainable development.Therefore,exploring the interrelationships among ecosystem services and addressing the issue of supply and demand mismatch has become a critical and pressing topic.In this paper,we aim to provide insights into the complexities of the arid basin ecosystem and explore ways to coordinate regional economic development and ecological environment protection to improve human well-being.This paper focuses on the Kaidu-Kongque River Basin in southern Xinjiang and provides a quantitative evaluation of the supply and demand of five key ecosystem services,including food supply,water yield,carbon sequestration,habitat quality,and windbreak and sand fixation.This evaluation is based on remote sensing images,meteorology,population and socio-economic statistics of 1990,2000,2010,and2020,and employs model simulation,spatial analysis,and literature proof.The study analyzes the spatial and temporal variation characteristics and influencing factors of ecosystem service supply and demand in the basin from three aspects: supply side,demand side,and supply and demand through trade-off/synergy,spatial matching,and quantity balance between services.Additionally,this paper provides countermeasures and suggestions for improving and optimizing ecosystem services.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)The Kaidu-Kongque River Basin in southern Xinjiang has shown an overall increase in the supply of five ecosystem services from 1990 to 2020.Notably,food supply experienced the largest increase at197.34%,followed by windbreak and sand fixation at 51.80%.The period from 2000 to 2010 showed the largest increase and change in each ecological service.The distribution of integrated supply service hotspots in the basin ecosystem displayed a pattern of being more abundant in the northwest and less in the southeast,with higher concentrations in the middle and upper reaches and lower concentrations in the lower reaches.However,the cold spot area was larger than the hot spot area.Through driving force analysis,it was found that natural factors played a greater role in ecosystem service supply in the basin than human factors.Precipitation,temperature,vegetation cover type,and topography were the main factors responsible for the significant spatial differences observed.(2)Over the period of 1990 to 2020,the demand for ecosystem services in the Kaidu-Kongque River Basin has shown a substantial increase,except for habitat quality.The demand for carbon sequestration has surged remarkably by 1161.42%,followed by windbreak and sand fixation,which increased by 107.82%.Both food and water demands have exhibited a similar growth rate of about 57%.The distribution of integrated ecosystem service hotspots is primarily associated with population density and the level of social and economic development.The demand for ecosystem services is higher in areas with population concentration and more developed social and economic conditions.Cold spots,on the other hand,are found in unused areas,namely the upstream and downstream regions of the basin.Over the last 30 years,the spatial distribution of demand has not changed significantly but has expanded around the original areas.Specifically,the demand for windbreak and sand fixation services has spread throughout the basin from1990,The demand for sand release services has spread to the whole basin.(3)In terms of the relationships between the supply and demand sides of ecosystem services,significant correlations were found among the services,with most of them showing significant correlations at the 0.01 level.Trade-off relationships were observed between food supply and water yeild services,food supply and wind and sand control supply services,while synergistic relationships were found among all other supply services.Regarding the spatial distribution of trade-offs between any two ecosystem supply services,high-high spatial aggregation was mainly distributed in the upstream and midstream areas of the watershed,while low-low aggregation or insignificant areas were primarily found in the downstream desert areas.On the other hand,from the spatial distribution of the trade-offs between any two ecosystem demand services,high-high spatial aggregation was predominantly observed in urban areas,where the population and GDP are concentrated and the demand for ecosystem services is high.In contrast,low-low spatial aggregation was mainly found in the downstream desert areas.(4)Regarding the quantitative balance between supply and demand,food supply,water yeild,carbon sequestration,and habitat quality showed a surplus during the 30-year period,while wind and sand control services exhibited a deficit.In terms of spatial matching,food supply and demand services showed a high degree of synergy,with "low supply and low demand" and "high supply and high demand" as the dominant types of spatial matching.water yeild and demand services displayed trade-offs,with the dominant type of spatial mismatch being "low supply and high demand." Among carbon sequestration,habitat quality,and wind and sand control services,the dominant type of synergistic relationship was the spatial match of "low supply and low demand." The supply and demand balance and matching results of different types of ecosystem services in each county and city varied,with Kullu city exhibiting low supply and high demand for water yeild,carbon sequestration,and habitat quality services,Yuli and Bohol counties displaying low supply and high demand for water yeild services,while the rest showed high supply and high demand,high supply and low demand,or low supply and low demand.(5)Based on the above research this paper proposes strategies for optimizing and enhancing ecosystem services in the Kaidu-Kongchu River basin from three aspects: firstly,the ecological security pattern of the study area is constructed based on the minimum cumulative resistance model,and based on the results of the landscape pattern index analysis,strategies for optimizing the ecological network are proposed: increase the ecological source area of 6219.15km2;increase the ecological corridors by 9,totaling 188.69km;increase the ecological section 5.The optimized ecological network has a more complex structure and enhanced connectivity compared with the previous one,which is conducive to the diffusion of materials and energy in the corridor direction and can effectively improve the ecosystem service capacity of the watershed and reduce the degree of landscape fragmentation.Second,the CA-Markov model was used to predict the land use status of the study area in 2030,and a risk assessment of the study area was conducted based on the supply-demand ratio,supply-demand ratio trend and supply-demand trade-off.Combining with the future development plan,the Kaidu-Kongchu River basin was divided into water-containing ecological zone,lake wetland ecological zone,agricultural production service zone,habitat quality improvement zone,wind and sand control ecological zone,and general ecological control zone;Combining the characteristics of ecological environment,population density,supply and demand of ecosystem services and supply and demand risks in each subzone,countermeasure suggestions are made to maintain or improve ecosystem services differently,relieve the pressure of supply and demand risks,and promote sustainable development of the basin.Third,according to the trade-offs between supply,demand and supply-demand of ecosystem services and the phenomenon of supply-demand mismatch and supply-demand imbalance,corresponding management strategies are proposed for different current situations.This study has practical implications for the sustainable development of ecological civilization construction in the Kaidu-Kongchu River basin.
Keywords/Search Tags:ecosystem services, supply and demand, trade-off, Kaidu-Kongque River basin, Xinjiang
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