| The analysis and protection of polychrome and bronzeware cultural relics have always been the focus in the field of cultural relic research.However,due to most of the polychrome and bronzeware cultural relics have experienced thousands of years,regardless of the aging and loss of their own materials or the continuous external environmental factors,the polychrome and bronzeware cultural relics always show a high degree of deterioration and degradation.In addition,the diversity and uncertainly of highly degraded products and natural complex systems of cultural relics both present new challenges to analytical methods,which are precisely the premise to accurately describe their occurrence state and reveal the degradation mechanism.In fact,it often makes the research both difficult and significant,and it is also an urgent part in the current cultural relic research.Meanwhile,due to the rarity of cultural relic samples and the complexity of natural products,it is also difficult to obtain complete and accurate results through single parameter or partial research.Therefore,the partial analysis results were integrated and summarized firstly,and then the material composition combined with production process,or the buried environment,internal composition and corrosion behavior were combined for research,which will make the research more comprehensive and valuable.Based on this,this study carried out the following researched on scientific problems such as polychrome pigments,adhesives and production processes in highly deteriorated polychrome cultural relics,as well as corrosion products and specific internal and external factors affecting corrosion behavior in highly deteriorated bronzewares:1.The royal lacquered wooden coffins in the Qing Dynasty Tomb are the excellent work of traditional Chinese lacquerwares,representing the highest level of lacquerwares production in the Qing Dynasty,and concentrating on the culmination of Chinese lacquerware lacquering techniques.This chapter focuses on the lacquered wooden coffins of the Qianlong Emperor’s concubine Huixian,Shujia and the second empress Wulanala.A variety of modern instrument analytical methods(DM,SEM-EDS,XRD,Micro-Raman,FT-IR and THM-Py-GC/MS,etc)were used to study the pigments,organic matierials and lacquering techniques involved in the lacquered wooden coffins.It was found that the pigments used were inorganic mineral pigments;the main composition of lacquer sap was urushi;and the modification of heat-bodied tung oil was added.Meanwhile,it was also found that the lacquered wooden coffins used the"Qiang Jin" and "wan lacquering craft" lacquering techniques.In addition,the lacquered wooden coffins of the imperial concubine are also compared with the lacquered wooden coffins of the Qianlong Emperor,Empress Dowager Cixi and Xiangfei.In this way,we can not only understand the production process of the royal lacquered wooden coffins in the Qing Dynasty,but also reveal the strict funeral system of feudal society,and provide a certain scientific reference for relevant cultural and historical materials.2.Buddhism was the mainstream religion in the Liao Dynasty and had a high status at that time.Among them,Tianjin Dule Temple and Datong Huayan Temple were typical representatives of the existing Liao Dynasty Buddhist temples.And the polychrome Buddha statues in the temple are the most representative and excellent polychrome clay sculptures in the Liao Dynasty and occupy an important position in the Chinese polychrome cultural relics.This work focuses on the Eleven-Faced Guanyin in the Guanyin Pavilion of Dule Temple and the polychrome Buddha in Baccarat Hall of Huayan Temple as the main research objects.It was found that although most of the pigments used in the two polychrome clay sculptures were inorganic mineral pigments,there were still differences in the types used in the extent.The adhesives both used heat-bodied tung oil and glue-protein,and there were "gold gilding"techniques and different painting processes.Through a systematic comparative study,the similarities and differences between the polychrome clay sculptures were analyzed,and to a certain extent,the pigments,adhesives and related production processes commonly used in polychrome clay sculptures in the Liao Dynasty were revealed,and objective and scientific data support and technical support were provided for the later actual restoration and protection of the polychrome clay sculptures in this two Buddhist temples.3.The phenomenon of aging,fading and discoloration is very common in the polychrome cultural relics,which is closely related to factors such as the physical and chemical properties of the pigments themselves and complex environment.During the research on the murals in the Guanyin Pavilion of Dule Temple,it was found that many polychrome areas in the murals have faded and mottled.Through EDS,XRD and Micro-Raman and other analytical methods,the detection has found that most of which have no colored substances,and there is a large number of rare lead oxalated,indicating that there is a significant aging deterioration in the murals.Based on the phenomenon of fading and mottled paintings on the murals in Guanyin Pavilion of Dule Temple,combined with the actual situation of lead oxalate in the polychrome samples,this work takes the three pigments commonly used in ancient polychrome cultural relics,such as litharge,azurite and malachite,as the research objects of pigment aging and deterioration,focusing on oxalic acid(one of the secretions of a large number of microorganisms in the natural environment)as the research object,the single cause of pigment aging and deterioration is artificially controlled to keep other external environmental factors unchanged,and the simulated aging experiment of pigments was carried out.The color information and chemical composition of the simulated samples were monitored and characterized in real time,and the method of mathematical function modeling was used to convert the discrete simulated aging experimental data points into a continuous mapping relationship.In this way,the relationship between the aging and deterioration of mural pigments and oxalic acid can be revealed,and the aging process of pigments can be quantitatively evaluated on a certain particle size.Meanwhile,the color change and chemical composition change of the pigments are mapped with the time-axis,and the reaction kinetic model of the aging and deterioration process is established,and inversion and reproduction of the mural are preliminarily realized.4.Hepu County,Guangxi,as one of the starting points of the Maritime Silk Road,has a special geographical location and regional advantages,so that the bronzewares unearthed in Hepu County not only reflect the cultural attributes of the Central Plains,but also combine the unique characteristics of bronzewares in Xiou and Luoyue region.It has its own characteristics,and some artifacts were even discovered for the first time in Guangxi,which is one of the typical representatives of southern bronzewares.This work takes the Han Dynasty bronzewares unearthed in Hepu County as the main research object,and systematically analyzes the bronzewares with the characteristics of high deterioration(that is,seriously loss of metal elements).It was found that the existence of a variety of different corrosion products,including copper corrosion products(malachite,azurite,cuprite,atacamite and libethenite),lead corrosion products(cerussite,litharge,anglesite and mimetite)and tin corrosion product(cassiterite),etc.And through further research on the specific external environmental factors such as pH of soil,soluble salt composition and content of soil,oxygen,carbon dioxide and other specific external environmental factors in the burial environment of bronzewares,the formation reasons and formation processes of the above-mentioned various corrosion products in this burial environment were explored.Targeted understanding of the composition of corrosion products in highly degraded bronzewares and the influence of the burial environment on their corrosion behavior,and then revealed the specific effects of burial environment and other external factors on the highly degraded Hepu bronzewares and the specific causes of various corrosion products.It also provides a certain scientific basis for the actual reinforcement,restoration and protection of Hepu bronzewares in the later period.5.Based on the fact that the bronzewares in Hepu County have been buried for thousands of years,the corrosion and mineralization were generally serious,but the degree of corrosion varied greatly.There are both complete mineralization to cassiterite,and only partial corrosion but the bronzewares were preserved,indicating that the corrosion and mineralization of bronzewares is not only related to the external environment,but also has a certain relationship with the metal composition ratio of the bronzewares.Therefore,in this work,considering the close relationship between the specific burial environment and the corrosion behavior,the solution with a similar proportion of soluble salts in the burial soil of Hepu County bronzewares was used as the corrosion simulation solution,and a series of self-melting tin sheets with different tin contents were used as the corrosion simulation samples.The corrosion of Cu-Sn-Pb ternary alloy sheets with different tin contents in the corrosion simulation solution was studied by electrochemical analysis,the internal microstructure of different Cu-Sn-Pb ternary alloy sheets was observed by SEM,and the relationship between its internal structure and corrosion resistance was analyzed It is found that under the experimental conditions,when the tin content is 18%,its corrosion resistance is the best.Meanwhile,the Cu-Sn-Pb ternary alloy sheets were immersed in the corrosion simulation solution for a long time to analyze the change of cations in the solution and the generation of corrosion products of the alloy sheets.Then,it is compared with the soluble salt solution of the actual buried soil of Hepu bronzewares and the corrosion products of bronzewares,and then the process of metal loss and the formation of corrosion products after long-term burial of Hepu bronzewares were analyzed.In this way,the research on the corrosion mechanism of the previous chapter can be reasonably supplemented and verified,and the corrosion mechanism and corrosion behavior of bronzewares can be explained from the perspective of different internal metal contents,and it can also provide certain ideas for the subsequent research on the corrosion of bronzewares. |
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