| The gut microbiome is closely related to human health and disease.However,research on the gut microbiome and microbial resource preservation in atypical populations such as ethnic minorities,traditional non-industrialized population,and the elderly is still limited.This is especially true for special populations with a unique way of life,such as the Ewenki,Daur,and Buryat Mongolian ethnic groups living in Hulunbuir,Inner Mongolia.In particular,the main factors affecting the gut microbiome of ethnic minorities in Hulunbuir are currently unclear.To better understand the potential importance of the gut microbiome in local populations and the possible influencing factors,this study selected 64 volunteers from 25 ethnic minority families in Hulunbuir for in-depth metagenomic sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of their gut microbiota(including microbiome,functions,and phages),and integrated the data with 60 Han Chinese gut microbiome sequencing data from Hohhot to investigate the heterogeneity of the gut microbiome between the two regions.We then revealed the main factors influencing the gut microbiome of ethnic minorities in Hulunbuir from the perspectives of interspecies and intraspecies diversity,including family,family roles(father,mother,and child),ethnicity,gender,age,and region(urban and rural areas in the same province).Finally,a method for analyzing the cultivable gut microbiota in humans was established based on culturomics,and potential probiotics were isolated and preserved.The main research results are as follows:1.The dominant bacterial phyla in the gut of ethnic minorities consist of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes,among others.The dominant genera include Bacteroides,Prevotella,Faecalibacterium,and Bifidobacterium,while the dominant species are Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,Prevotella copri,and Bacteroides vulgatus.In 90% of the population,the core gut microbiota consists of species such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,Bacteroides vulgatus,Bacteroides uniformis,Eubacterium rectale,Escherichia coli,and Bifidobacterium longum,which are core microbiota of the local population.Based on comparisons with various functional databases of gut microbiota,the main functions include environmental information processing,genetic information processing,amino acid metabolism,and carbohydrate metabolism.The primary carbohydrate-active enzymes produced by gut microbiota include glycoside hydrolases,glycosyltransferases,and carbohydrate-binding modules.Common antibiotic resistance types include fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines,while the main virulence factors include some secretion-type enterotoxins.In addition,beneficial metabolites synthesized by gut microbiota include deoxycholic acid,glutamate,and chenodeoxycholate.According to the human gut virome database,the gut phages mainly consist of the Siphoviridae,Myoviridae,and Microviridae in the Caudovirales order,as well as cr Ass-phage,while unclassified phages is as much as 84.05%.The intestinal microbial structure of ethnic minorities in Hulunbuir differs significantly from that of the Han population in Hohhot.Compared with the Hohhot population,local populations have significantly enriched Blautia,Escherichia,and Megamonas,while Bacteroides,Roseburia,and Eubacterium are less abundant.The intestinal microbiota’s environmental information processing and genetic information processing functions are significantly enriched,while the functions of glycan metabolism and vitamin metabolism are lower.In addition,there are differences in the intestinal bacteriophages between the two populations,with Microviridae significantly more abundant and Siphoviridae,Papillomaviridae,and Circoviridae less abundant.It is noteworthy that there are also differences in the carbohydrate-active enzymes,resistance genes,and antibiotic-resistant genes that are enriched in the intestinal microbiota of the two populations.2.Among the factors of family,family roles,ethnicity,gender,age,and region,living in the same household,influenced by factors such as diet,lifestyle habits,and genetics is the main driving factor leading to interspecies and intragenetic heterogeneity of gut microbiota in ethnic minorities in the Hulunbuir region.Based on the coidentification of average nucleotide identity,17 species of shared bacteria were identified within families.Among them,the content of Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Holdemanella biformis is relatively high,Eubacterium rectale and Clostridiales bacterium were commonly shared across multiple families.94% of the shared bacteria had the potential to produce and synthesize short-chain fatty acids,and the p N/p S value of bacterial strain genes was relatively low.In addition,the study found that the shared strain Clostridiales bacterium was a core node in the bacterial strain network and an important active species in the gut microbiota of the local population.3.Compared to direct culture-independent metagenomic sequencing of the sample(CIMS),the culure-enriched metagenomic sequencing(CEMS)method for analyzing the culturable bacterial community improved the identification of bacteria by 57%.Using the CEMS method,the enriched culture media for Bifidobacterium were PYG and MRS-L,and for Lactobacillus were GLB and RG.Based on the selected media,127 strains of bacteria were co-isolated from some samples,including 75 strains of Bifidobacterium and52 strains of Lactobacillus.After evaluation by gastrointestinal fluid and bile salt tolerance tests,9 potential probiotic strains were selected,including 3 strains of Lactobacillus suitable for acid milk fermentation.In summary,analyzing the characteristics of gut microbiota in three ethnic minorities in Hulunbuir from all angles and isolating potential beneficial bacteria from the gut can help us gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between gut microbiota and host health.This provides a theoretical reference for personalized regulation of gut microbiota through nutrition,microbiota,and drug intervention on a family basis.It is of great significance for protecting the health of minority populations. |
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