Spatial Pattern,Influencing Factors And Optimization Of Urban Basic Education Resources From The Perspective Of Equity

Basic education is an important part of education system.The equity of basic education resources has attracted wide attention of academic circles.And the equity of spatial pattern distribution of basic education resources has become a hot topic in the field of geography.There is a lack of measurement methods for accessibility and quality of educational resources considering the characteristics of educational resources in multiple dimensions.Moreover,the accessibility and quality of educational resources are not considered uniformly when evaluating the spatial equity of basic educational resources.Most of the studies on the influencing factors of the spatial pattern of basic education resources are based on non-spatial statistical models at the macro scale,and there is a lack of studies on the influencing mechanism of the equity of education resources at different stages within cities at the micro scale.And the existing layout optimization models of basic education facilities mostly follow the principle of optimal accessibility or minimum differentiation.There are few optimization models that consider both educational opportunity equity and quality equity.This study takes urban basic education resources as the research object,and selects primary schools and regular high schools with different characteristics in basic education as representatives.From the perspective of equity,the traditional two-step flow catchment area method(2SFCA)is improved considering the characteristics of educational resources in multiple dimensions to measure the accessibility and quality of educational resources,and to build a comprehensive evaluation framework of spatial equity of basic educational resources.Then the influence factors are selected from multiple dimensions to analyze the influence of different factors on the accessibility and quality of educational resources at the micro scale.Finally,aiming at the equity in educational accessibility and the equity in educational quality,a multi-objective optimization model of “New and Adjustment” of school facilities is constructed based on genetic algorithm,trying to provide scientific decision-making basis for urban basic educational resources planning.The main contents and conclusions of this study include the following three parts:(1)This study improves and expands the traditional 2SFCA method from six dimensions of policy,supply,demand,travel,school quality,and subjective behavior,combined with multi-source data such as mobile phone signaling data,population distribution data,network map path planning data,and traditional survey data.Specifically,the school district improved gaussian two-step flow catchment area method(DGa2SFCA)is proposed for the primary school stage,and the multi-mode huff two-step flow catchment area method(MMH2SFCA)is proposed for the regular high school stage.Based on the improved measurement method,a comprehensive evaluation framework of spatial equity of basic education resources is constructed to evaluate the equity of spatial distribution of urban basic education resources in different stages.The results show that: 1)The improved measurement methods of accessibility and quality of educational resources considering the characteristics of educational resources from multiple dimensions are more reasonable and reliable.The DGa2 SFCA method introduces the restriction of "school district".Compared with the method based on the average path distance between school district and school and the traditional2 SFCA method,DGA2 SFCA method can better reflect the influence of supply and demand,policy and other factors on accessibility.The MMH2 SFCA method takes into account the diversity of students’ trips and the influence of school attractiveness on students’ school choice,introduces mobile phone signaling data and travel survey results,combines the advantages of the existing Huff 2SFCA method and multiple travel modes 2SFCA method,and avoids the unreasonable assumption of single travel mode and school selection based on distance only.The model results are more accurate.2)The potential demand and actual supply of basic education resources in primary schools and regular high schools in the urban development area of Wuhan have uneven spatial distribution,showing a trend of gradually decreasing from the central city to the outside.3)There are obvious differences in the spatial distribution of educational resource accessibility in different stages of basic education.For primary schools,the accessibility in central urban communities is mostly at a medium or high level.The accessibility in peripheral communities is generally low.For regular high schools,the communities with high and high level of the accessibility are mainly located in the city center,as well as parts of the edge adjacent to high schools.Communities with medium accessibility levels are mainly distributed in the city center except for areas with high and very high accessibility values.Communities with low and very low accessibility are mainly distributed in peripheral and edge regions.4)The education quality of basic education resources shows a high-value cluster distribution in the center of the city,and its spatial distribution is unbalanced.For the education quality of primary schools and regular high schools,the urban central area forms a relatively obvious high value cluster,and presents a trend of decreasing from the center to the periphery of the urban development area.With the exception of a few communities,most communities on the periphery of the study area received medium,low or very low levels of education quality.In the periphery of the urban development area,communities with high levels of educational quality are located near high quality schools.5)There are spatial inequities in the accessibility and quality of basic education resources at different stages,and there are mismatches in the spatial distributions.The high value clustering of educational resource accessibility in primary schools presents a circular pattern around the city center and the distribution is fragmentary,while the quality of education presents a single-center pattern of high value clustering in the city center.The high value clustering of educational resource accessibility in regular high schools shows a polycentric pattern around the city center and the peripheral schools of the urban development area,while the quality of education shows a monocentric pattern of high value clustering in the city center.(2)Selecting the influencing factors from multiple dimensions,constructing a multi-level regression model for the accessibility and quality of basic education resources,and analyzing the influencing mechanism of the equity of education resources at different stages at the micro scale.The results show that: 1)To construct corresponding influencing factor index systems for the accessibility of educational resources and the quality of education in primary schools and regular high schools respectively.The regression models constructed after screening the independent variables using stepwise regression are all better than the models constructed directly without screening the independent variables,and the geographical weighted regression models are better than the ordinary least square linear regression models.2)From the perspective of global influencing factors: For the primary schools,the accessibility and quality of education resources are positively correlated with the average price of housing,the number of POI categories,the density of road network,the distance to the city center,and the proportion of building surface.It is negatively correlated with the resident population and the distance from the nearest primary school.Other independent variables show different correlations according to different dependent variables.For the regular high schools,the accessibility of educational resources and the quality of education are positively correlated with the number of POI categories.It was negatively correlated with the resident population,the proportion of minors and the distance from the nearest high school.Other independent variables show different correlations according to different dependent variables.3)From the perspective of local influencing factors: In most regions,the correlations between each independent variable and the corresponding dependent variable are the same as its global correlation,while in a few regions,the correlations between the independent variable and the corresponding dependent variable are opposite to its global correlation.The reason for the differences can ultimately be attributed to the difference in impact on resource supply and demand.There is spatial heterogeneity in the influence of different independent variables on different dependent variables,and the local differences are related to the spatial difference of supply and demand of educational resources in the study area.Generally,it can be divided into the difference between the city center and the periphery of the urban development area.For the city center and the periphery of the urban development area,they can be divided into the differences between high supply and high demand,high supply and low demand,low supply and high demand,and low supply and low demand respectively.(3)A multi-objective optimization model of “New and Adjustment” of school facilities is constructed based on genetic algorithm,aiming at the double equities optimal of accessibility and quality of educational resources.The results show that: 1)For different stages of basic education,the overall level of accessibility and quality of educational resources after model optimization has been improved,and the degree of equities between them have also been improved.The optimization schemes are consistent with the analysis in the comprehensive evaluation of spatial equity of educational resources,which verify the effectiveness of the optimization model.2)For the primary schools with the constraints of “school district” system,both new schools and schools’ capacities adjustment should be implemented.According to the needs of students and the spatial location of the demand,new schools should be reasonably built in remote areas where primary schools are sparsely distributed,and the capacities of schools should be adjusted according to the demand distribution.For the regular high schools,the optimization scheme is mainly to adjust the capacities of schools in corresponding areas according to the trend of demand distribution.Through the reasonable allocation of basic education resources,the equities of educational accessibility and educational quality can be improved.