| Rural homestead is a multi-functional compound land for rural residents'production,living and entertainment.It is the core of the interaction and coupling of human and land systems in rural areas.It is the bearing foundation of the rural population,social economy and culture,and it is also one of the most important land assets of rural households.In the process of economic globalization,rapid urbanization and industrialization,the widening of the urban-rural income gap and rural recession have become the common problems and challenges facing the world.The multi-functional utilization of homestead can effectively activate its use right and promote the realization of multiple values of the rural homestead,which is of great significance to the revitalization of China's rural areas.The stage change of national economic income level,the implementation of Rural Revitalization Strategy,the solid promotion of poverty alleviation,the reform of the rural land system,the proposal of"three rights separation"of the homestead and the transition of farmers'livelihood strategy have all had a significant impact on the evolution of rural homestead function in China.Under the background of Rural Revitalization and urban-rural integration development,substantial progress has been made in rural social economy and beautiful rural construction.With the support of the rural land policy,the value of rural land resources and assets has been rapidly increased.However,many practices have highlighted the utilitarian tendency in the process of location and construction of farmers'new villages,the development of new industries and new formats,the neglect of the needs of different types of farmers for the function of the homestead,insufficient understanding of the multi-function and functional value of the rural homestead,and the weakness of rural planning theory.At present,the multi-functionality or the diversification of functions of the land is attracting more and more attention,but there is still a lack of research results on the function evolution and function renewal of rural homesteads from a micro-scale.In particular,the research on the function evolution of homestead in different types of villages,such as traditional agricultural villages and homestay villages,and the value change caused by the function evolution and the renewal of homestead function based on value promotion need to be further strengthened.In this paper,based on the actual needs of rural residential land refined management,multi-functional value-added of the homestead and optimal governance of land space in the process of Rural Revitalization under the stage change of national economic development from low-income level to medium-high-income level,this paper takes the theory of farmers'land,the multi-functional theory of land use,livelihood capital theory of farmers and land rent and land price theory as the guidance.Based on the analysis of the functional evolution of homestead in the macro scale,Xiniu village and Yingtaojing village of Chongqing,Sujiaying village of Yunnan province are selected as the micro verification case villages.The comprehensive index evaluation method,GIS spatial analysis method,field investigation method,participatory rural assessment method(PRA)and comparative analysis method are used.The research is carried out in the following logic ideas:“theoretical analysis framework construction?rural residential land multi-function recognition?analysis on characteristics and driving mechanism of rural homestead structure and function evolution?research on the change of functional value caused by rural homestead functional evolution?functional renewal of rural homestead based on value promotion?the conclusion and policy implications".The main findings and conclusions are as follows:(1)The function evolution of rural homestead conforms to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory.Its function evolution is affected by farmers'livelihood demand,social and economic development and rural land system change.The function of rural homestead can be divided into basic function and derivative function.The functional composition of homestead determines its functional value composition.The basic functions of rural homestead mainly include living and living function,agricultural production function and social security function;derivative function mainly includes non-agricultural production function and asset function of the rural homestead.The functional value composition of rural homestead mainly includes living and living function value,agricultural production function value,non-agricultural production function value,asset function value and social security function value.(2)The functional evolution of rural homestead has obvious stage characteristics,and the functional evolution characteristics of the homestead are significantly different in different stages of social and economic development.In 2010,the per capita total income of China's national economy changed from the middle and low-income stage to the middle and low-income stage,the rural homestead function is mainly based on basic functions such as living function,agricultural production function and social security function,while the function of non-agricultural production and assets has been significantly enhanced in the stage of middle and high economic income.The time node of significant functional evolution of rural homestead in the hilly and mountainous areas of southwest China has a certain lag compared with the time node of China's economic development from the low-and middle-income level to the middle-and high-income stage.Before the development of rural homestay accommodation in Xiniu village,the main functions of the homestead are living function,agricultural production function and social security function,but since 2014,through the use of transformed homestead and housing to develop rural homestay accommodation,the function of the homestead has evolved to non-agricultural production function and asset function.(3)With the transition and development of rural social economy in mountainous areas,farmers'livelihood strategies have changed to diversification and non-agriculturalization,and the structure and function of the rural homestead are changing from single to complex,from complex to diversified,and have obvious stage characteristics.The fundamental reason is that there are different structural designs and functional differences to meet the livelihood needs of farmers at different stages.Corresponding to the change of building materials in traditional agricultural villages,the functional evolution of rural homestead can be divided into the following three stages:1)The function of the homestead is mainly living function and livestock and poultry breeding function in the stage of thatched house.2)The living function and agricultural production function of the homestead are strong in the adobe(brick/stone)wood structure tile house stage.3)The design of homestead and house is mainly to improve living conditions and living function,the function of agricultural production is weakened and canceled,and most of them no longer set up the courtyard in the stage of the brick-concrete bungalow.(4)The evolution of the function of the rural homestead is driven by both macro and micro factors.Macro factors mainly include urbanization,the rapid development of industrialization,national economic income from low-and middle-income to the high-income stage,the implementation of rural revitalization strategy,the implementation of accurate poverty alleviation and the reform of the rural land system.On the other hand,the micro factors are mainly the non-agricultural transition of farmers'livelihood,the improvement of farmers'requirements for living conditions,and the renewal requirements for the function of residential land put forward by the development of homestay.The driving factors of the structural and functional evolution of rural homesteads in mountainous areas are complex and diverse,but the driving factors are not the same in different stages.The evolution from the thatched cottage stage to the adobe(brick/stone)wood structure tile house stage is mainly due to the social stability after the founding of the people's Republic of China,the distribution of land by farmers,the rapid improvement of agricultural productivity.farmers are in urgent need of expanding agricultural production and household manual production,but also eager to improve living conditions,therefore,it promotes the evolution and upgrading of homestead structure and function.The main driving force of the evolution from the adobe(brick/stone)wood structure tile house stage to the brick-concrete bungalow stage is that farmers'livelihood strategies are diversified.The living function of the homestead is significantly enhanced while the function of agricultural production is weakened.Therefore,the psychology of keeping up with each other among neighbors and the optimization and upgrading of building materials are also important driving factors.The evolution of the function of homestead in homestay village is greatly influenced by the accurate poverty alleviation policy,the policy of"separation of rights"of rural homestead and the land use policy issued by the state,all of which encourage the use of idle homestead and housing.Also,farmers themselves are eager to develop homestay through the transition of homesteads and houses.(5)The functional evolution of rural homestead will lead to the change of the functional value of the rural homestead,and the change range of the functional value of rural homestead in villages of different industrial types is different.After the significant evolution of the function of homestead in traditional agricultural villages and homestay villages,the total functional value of the homestead is larger than that in the previous stage.The increase of homestead function value caused by the evolution of rural homestead function in homestay village is higher than that in the traditional agricultural village.Before the functional evolution of homestead in traditional agricultural village,the dominant functional value is living functional value,agricultural production functional value and social security functional value,and its total value is 654.05 yuan/m~2.After the functional evolution of homestead,the dominant functional value includes living functional value,agricultural production functional value,non-agricultural production functional value,asset functional value and social security functional value.Its total value is 1215.61 yuan/m~2.Before the evolution of homestead function in homestay village,the dominant functional value includes living functional value,agricultural production functional value and social security functional value,and its total value is 411.38 yuan/m~2.After the functional evolution,the dominant functional value includes living functional value,non-agricultural production functional value,asset functional value and social security functional value,and its total value is 1382.09 yuan/m~2.After the functional evolution,the dominant functional value includes residential functional value,non-agricultural production functional value,asset functional value and social security functional value,compared with the traditional agricultural village,the increase in value caused by the evolution of rural homestead function in homestay village is much larger.(6)The functional evolution of rural homestead does not occur in isolation,but is closely related to the evolution of the village where the homestead is located and the surrounding rural settlement system.In the process of updating the function of the rural homestead,in addition to considering the needs of farmers themselves,we should also combine the functional evolution trend of rural settlement system where the homestead is located,combined with rural characteristic industry,market demand and so on,to enhance the functional value of the rural homestead.Through the research and case demonstration,it is found that by making use of the multi-function utilization of homestead,especially by using rural homestead to develop non-agricultural production and management activities,we can fully activate the right to use homestead and release the land value potential of rural construction land.it further interprets the scientific nature of the system of"Three Rights Separation"of the rural homestead.The functional renewal of rural homestead in traditional agricultural villages should be classified and guided according to the livelihood characteristics of farmers and the functional needs of the homestead,for pure agricultural livelihood and agro-industrial livelihood farmers,farmers'new village homestead should uniformly plan and design the necessary agricultural production function land space for the initial processing and deep processing of agricultural special products,and enhance the agricultural production functional value of rural homestead through"Internet+e-commerce"mode.For the non-agricultural livelihood farmers who have settled in cities and towns,the homestead can be reclaimed as the index of rural collective construction land to enter the market,and the asset functional value of rural homestead can be obtained.For villages with rich tourism resources and unique national cultural characteristics,they can build new houses on the original homestead or carry out homestay operation after updating the homestead and housing functions,to enhance the non-agricultural production functional value of rural homestead;for farmers who have settled in cities and towns and have stable accommodation,they can cooperate with homestay management companies in the form of equity,to obtain the functional value of homestead assets.Through the research,the innovation of this article is mainly reflected in the following aspects:(1)According to the classical principle of system engineering thought,"structure determines function,the function determines value",the theoretical analysis framework of"rural homestead structure-function-value evolution and function renewal"is constructed.This paper organically combines the stage change of national economic income level with the evolution of rural homestead structure-function-value,and makes an in-depth study from the macro and micro scales.It further enriches the theoretical paradigm of multi-functional research on rural homesteads.(2)The"Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs"is introduced into the functional identification of rural homesteads,and the functional evolution of rural homestead accords with the changing process of human needs from low-level to high-level in"Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs".It provides a theoretical basis for the functional identification and functional evolution of rural homestead and further expands the theoretical connotation of the multi-functional research of rural homestead.(3)This paper calculates the functional value of rural homestead before and after the evolution of rural homestead function in traditional agricultural village and tourist homestay village.through comparative study,this paper reveals the evolution law and differentiation characteristics of rural homestead function value in different industrial types of villages.It further enriches the content of the research on the calculation of rural homestead value. |
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