The Reserch Of Priority Development Of Public Transport In Metropolis Based On Urban Spatial Rights

As the fast urbanization in China,the traffic congestion become more and more serious in large cities,which has become the focus problem of the society.The State Council issued the guideline of developing public transport as top priority in large cities in 2012.On the same year,National Social Science Fund set a major research project on the institutional design of sustainable urban public transportation.Some scholars studied the problem from the perspective of the rights of public transit and the externality of private car traffic and some scholar analyze the experience of the public transit of Hong Kong with the theory of the production of space of Lefebvre.This paper is a further develop and deep research along this line.The core of this research is to explain that how the institutional rights arrangement materialized in urban spatial structure and road structure determine the trip mode choice of people.For further theoretical analysis,this paper involves three related theories with logical relations,which are Lefebvre’s theory of production of space and space contradiction,Foucault’s theory of panoptic architectural apparatus creating power relations,and the property rights and externality theory of Coase.All the three theories involve the spatial problem at different degree.While different from Lefebvre,Coase focus on the resource allocation issue when analyzing the problem of spatial contradiction and solve the problem by institutional rights arrangement.Different from Foucault,Coase do not focus on the rights relations embodied in specific building structure but involve the rights arrangement on broader spatial dimension.Coase do not take space as specific research objective,but nearly all the cases discussed in his “The problem of social cost” are related with the spatial rights arrangement which are induced by the reciprocal impact of spatial vicinity.Therefore,based on the spatial researches of Lefebvre and Foucault,the theory of rights arrangement of Coase can be expanded to solve the problem urban spatial rights arrangement.Coase’s solution for the problem of externality or harmful effects is suitable for the problem of spatial contradiction and the reciprocal impact problem.That is “To avoid the harm to B would inflict harm on A.The real question that has to be decided is: should A be allowed to harm B,or should B be allowed to harm A? The problem is to avoid the more serious harm.” The solution of Coase can shed a new light on the research of urban public transit institutional design.Based on above analysis,the paper proposes the core proposition: Property rights arrangement not only writes in legal provisions but also embodied in the urban spatial structure and road structure.Urban spatial structure and road structure just reproduce Foucault’s panoptic architecture in a large spatial dimension,which can allocate the rights of easy mobility and easy accessibility to different groups and assure the automatic functioning of architectural apparatus spatial rights,and then determine the trip mode choice of people.This study can analyze the problem of institutional rights arrangement of large cities from the perspective of urban resource allocation or urban planning,not only from urban traffic itself,and can explain a phenomena of some economic textbook cannot.Some economic textbook thought public transit as inferior goods with negative income elasticity.While it cannot explain such a phenomena:the income level of Tokyo is higher than Beijing,but the car trip ratio is lower than Beijing and the rate of public transit trip is higher than Beijing.This paper makes a trip modes choice model to show that urban spatial structure and road structure materialized the rights of easy mobility and easy accessibility,determine the demand curves of different trip modes and trip mode choice of people.This analysis can explain the different trip structure between Beijing and Tokyo,and support the main conclusion of this paper.This paper analyzes some typical case to explain that how urban spatial resources or urban spatial structure and road structure allocate the rights of easy mobility and easy accessibility to the group of public transit.The three typical cases are: under the environment of rail transit is the main trip mode in Tokyo,how “Integrated Station-City” development allocate the rights of easy mobility and easy accessibility to rail transit group;under the environment of road transit is the main trip mode in Curitiba,how linear city and BRT allocate the rights of easy mobility and easy accessibility to public transit group;under the serious traffic jam of metropolis,how Seoul exclusive median bus lanes reform allocate the rights of easy mobility and easy accessibility to bus transit group.The three typical cases show that urban spatial structure and road structure materialized the rights of easy mobility and easy accessibility can make public transit become the main unban trip mode.