A New Proof Of Shih Chi Of The Warring States Period

Sima Qian's Shih Chi has been widely spread for more than 2000 years,and there are countless researchers in the past dynasties.Although the historical materials of the Warring States period retained in Shih Chi are important documents for the study of history at that time,there are many mistakes.When studying this batch of materials,predecessors mostly used handed down documents for mutual comparison and exploration,and achieved fruitful results.In recent years,with the emergence of a large number of ancient writing materials in the Warring States period,scholars have the opportunity to verify the relevant records in Shih Chi by using the first-hand materials at that time.This paper takes this as the center,combined with the existing research results,and imitates the style of Chen Zhi's new evidence of Shih Chi to study the new evidence of the Warring States period.Firstly,this paper explains the relevant materials.On the one hand,it summarizes the problems existing in the historical materials of the Warring States period in Shih Chi,including age and text.On the other hand,it introduces the ancient writing materials used in this paper,so as to lay the foundation for the later writing.The new evidence part mainly uses the written materials such as bronze,weapons,seals,seals and bamboo slips of the Warring States period,and verifies the historical materials of the Warring States period and the "three notes" including the biographies of the generals of the Warring States period,generally according to the order of each volume of the historical records.Finally,the author adds the ancient written materials with clear chronology into the chronology of the six countries in order to intuitively reflect the historical facts of the Warring States period.There are more than 440 new certificate entries in this paper,which can be divided into five categories: place name,person name,official position,historical facts and other proprietary words.Among them,the number of geographical names is the largest,accounting for about half of the total.Most of the place names are County names and county names,and a small number of country names,clan names and palace names.Most of these place names can be found in Hanshu geographical records,and those who do not see them can also find relevant information in later documents such as Shui Jingzhu.Now it is verified by the written materials of the Warring States period that these counties and cities existed in the Warring States period and were not affiliated to the administrative divisions of the Tai Shi Gong in the Han Dynasty.In terms of names,posthumous titles,titles and private names are covered,while official posts are held by specific people.Therefore,this part overlaps slightly with the name part,but the focus of the two is not the same.The personal name part mainly examines its authenticity and appropriately supplements relevant deeds.According to the seals and bronzes of the Warring States period and the Qin Dynasty,and then compared with the list of officials and ministers in the Han Dynasty,officials pay attention to the time of their emergence and the changes of their functions.In terms of historical facts,the main materials are Qinghua bamboo slips in the early Warring States period and Ye Shu in the late sleeping tiger land Qin bamboo slips.A small amount of historical facts can be found in bronze inscriptions.These materials have a clear chronology and some contents are more specific than the historical records.They are excellent historical materials to confirm or supplement the historical records.In addition,there are still some items that can not be classified into the above four categories,most of which belong to terms such as system,etiquette and keepsake.According to the ancient writing materials,these words are not fabricated by Taishigong,but have their own sources.Through the investigation of the above items by using ancient written materials,it can be found that most of the relevant records in Shih Chi are credible only for the more than 440 items listed in this paper.In that case,we can take the historical records as the outline,supplemented by other historical materials,including ancient writing materials,to study the history of the Warring States period.The errors are mainly reflected in the age-which is similar to the results of previous scholars using handed down documents.In fact,Sima Qian himself has expressed the existence of this defect in the chronology of the six countries.It seems that we don't have to criticize the sages.