Research On The Economic Ethics Of Xifeng Reform In The Northern Song Dynasty

The Xifeng Reform(1069-1085)was not only the most important economic and political reform in the Northern Song Dynasty,but also an important node in the economic development history of ancient China,which had a profound impact on the economic society of the two Song Dynasty and later China.The ideological confrontation between Wang Anshi,Sima Guang,Su Shi and other thinkers on the issue of political reform is also an important content in the history of ancient Chinese economic thoughts.Therefore,Xi Feng's political reform has always been a focus in the field of economic history and history of economic thoughts.The study of The Xifeng Reform from the perspective of economics or politics is very suitable for the purpose and nature of the reform,and scholars have made great achievements.On the basis of the existing research,this paper explores the economic ethics behind the economic and political factors of the reform,which is a way to dispel the suspicion of the contradiction that the economy and society of the Northern Song dynasty seem to be rich and powerful but actually weak.It can also dig out the reasons why the Xifeng Reform is still difficult to fulfill the original intention under the premise of having the necessity of change,the general trend of the day,the change of heart and the mutual aid of the emperor.It can also provide some theoretical support for the ongoing economic reform.Therefore,it is of great significance in both theory and practice to explore the deep economic ethics factors hidden in Xifeng's reform.There were a lot of debates and writings on economic ethics in the Song Dynasty,which basically included the debate of the essence,the debate of righteousness and interest,the debate of the king and the debate of the principle and desire in the traditional economic ethics.Experienced in the late Tang dynasty and the five Dynasties,the scholars in the early Song Dynasty concentrated their attention on the establishment of laws and regulations.Facing the social economy in urgent need of recovery,they abandoned the Confucian idea of emphasizing on the foundation and ignoring the end of the business,and no longer suppressed the merchants.In the debate on justice and interests,they opposed the traditional Confucian view that justice and interests were more important than interests and that justice and interests were opposite,and advocated that justice and interests should be equal,unified,and harmonious.In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty,when The Emperor Of God initiated the Xifeng Reform,there was no dispute about the importance of agriculture and commerce.At that time,because of the second course,the theory of desire gradually arose,but it had not yet become a prominent theory,which had little influence on the reform at that time.Wang Anshi's discussion on the contest for supremacy in the reform made this topic from the pre-Qin Dynasty have new annotation and development.Although it played a certain role in the choice of the reform path and the formulation and implementation of laws and regulations,it still did not become the dominant position.On the other hand,the debate on righteousness and interests has been dominating the mainstream of thoughts in the early Song Dynasty,through Li Xun's discussion,Su Xun's practice and Fan Zhongyan's practice.The debate on righteousness and interests has been going on all through the process of reform,and the players' game on the concept of righteousness and interests has been controlling the situation of reform.So,in this paper,from the dimension of economic ethics,from the various contradictions of economic and social phenomenon during this period,how to use the theory of value in order to adopt value sorting method,historical analysis,comparative analysis,and the class(level)analysis method,analyzes on the reform,the key to reform present discrimination about concept,value,status and the game's point of view of righteousness and comparative analysis,through the study of the brake of the law is in the process,reveals the political reform in the economic ethics factor and its development trend,in order to identify the song dynasty economy society and city xifeng political humbug.Tracing back to the root of the social and economic contradictions in the Northern Song Dynasty,the ancestral family law is the most important reason.Song Taizu established the rule of law to lay the foundation of the state strategy.Later,the emperors followed the ancestral teachings and developed the rule of law.In the ancestral family law,the state policies,such as respecting Confucianism and valuing education,encouraging agriculture and commerce,and resting with the people,were set up to safeguard the private interests of the family ruled by The Zhao family,which overlapped with the general interests of seeking welfare for the people of the world.The private interests of the family and the general interests of the people were unified.The enlightened and relaxed policies of the emperors of the early Song Dynasty created a stable and peaceful environment for the development of social economy,thus bringing the northern Song with advanced science and technology,prosperous culture and prosperous economy.Progenitor system such as the disadvantages of checks and balances policy,on the one hand,put an end to the military commanders mercenaries usurper,the hidden danger of civil officials hold the handle Luan Zheng both solid Scott family rule,and the end of the regime alternation frequently,abuse of political unrest,the people's situation,as the northern song dynasty the development and prosperity of social economy provides a stable environment,also reflected the public's sense of honor of world and the maintenance of the unification of the country gain.On the other hand,the opposition of justice and interests in the ancestral family law also influenced the development of social economy.To ensure the permanent existence of The Zhao family,the emperors in the early Song Dynasty strictly adhered to the family law of "keeping things as they are",and adopted the power balance and decentralization,which resulted in the concern of too many officers and too few soldiers,the trouble of too many soldiers and too little money and the trouble of too many expenses.Three chronic problems have chronic over the years.In the face of the contradictory social and economic situation,the shilin of the Northern Song Dynasty,which is still in use,under the driving force of the national interests of happiness and sorrow,advocated to eliminate disadvantages and make new efforts.They actively offered Suggestions and Suggestions to reform the ancestral family law,and some officials took the lead in carrying out reform in the territory,accumulating practical experience for the national reform.It has become a social consensus to reform the ancestral family law.The disputes and confrontations among different parties in the process of reform reflect their differences in views of justice and interests,which further enrich and develop the traditional Chinese economic ethics.In the process of reform,wang Anshi was the leader of the reform school,which advocated "wealth management based on righteousness and profit first based on righteousness".The opposition,which insisted that "justice should be done in order and justice should be done first",centered on Sima Guang.Opinion,"the hand of righteousness and harmony of righteousness" pragmatists,represented by su shi,the three parties in combination is different,lead to in the treatment of the "home country" and "country","China" and "people" the relationship between the contradiction:imperial value most "home country",the value of the sorting to maintain Scott rule as the primary purpose;The reformists tried their best to consolidate the feudal rule,so as to realize their political ideal of enriching the country,strengthening the army and securing the people,they put the interests of the "state" first.The opposition wanted to maintain the stable rule of the landlord class,who enjoyed the benefits of social and economic development for a long time and did not allow the vested interests to be touched or violated.Therefore,it was their primary concern to safeguard the interests of the powerful and wealthy.The pragmatic view is that the common people are the root of the country,that the interests of the people should be given priority to reform,and that the prosperous people should lead to the prosperous country.The different views of justice and interests and the different order of values eventually lead to conflicts in the way of choosing the reform after the game of justice and interests.During the top-level design,the emperor adopted the measures of "generating wealth" and "taking wealth",and formulated and implemented some laws and regulations to rob the rich and prosperous countries.The opposition advocates austerity,advocates raising the source and hiding the rich,and opposes the new law to divide the interests of the rich people.In light of the actual situation of social and economic development,the pragmatic party not only opposed the reform party's introduction of false civil law decrees,but also discouraged the opposition from abolishing the civil law decrees.The differences in the views of justice and interests,the order of values and the game of justice and interests among different parties in the reform also lead to their different positions and behaviors in the implementation of the new law,and the final effect of each law varies according to the different views of justice and interests held by the participants.The reform faction formulated and implemented a series of new laws to develop production and compete with "enriching the people",which aroused strong opposition and obstruction from the opposition.The new law was badly designed and implemented,ridiculed and ostracised by pragmatists,all of which made it difficult to implement.In reform sent out of the rich,in addition to irrigation and water conservancy is the development of production of generative method,accords with "because of all the money" "not Shang Cai not to harm the people" of political reform,other such as green crops and Shi Yi method,because of the defects of laws and regulations,and implementation of improper and make laws by riding a curse the people,because of laws and so incurred by the landlord class and the rich businessman for the Hao Shang resistance and destruction,made the law such as mud.And because some laws are too advanced or lag behind,contrary to the law of economic development,the new law is doomed to fail.The exemption law and exemption law were intended to lighten the burden of the people at the bottom and improve the living conditions of the people at the grass-roots level.However,because they did not take into account the reality of money shortage and touched the interests of vested interests,the law was comprehensively opposed by all classes,making the new law under siege.The baojia method and the horse raising method in the art of strengthening the soldiers were questioned because they were mistaken for the farmers and the civilians.The method of recruiting troops and the reform of the law of war aroused disfavor,which was later resolved by the Emperor in favor of the generals.However,the gap between the emperor and the army increased gradually,which caused the reform to suffer the heaviest losses.After Wang Anshi retired,Song Shenzong personally presided over the reform of Yuanfeng,but it did not get a good effect: the re-examination of the official system did not solve the problem of "overpowered",but made it more serious;The false grasp of the national conditions and the incorrect prediction of the war situation led to the Western Expedition being defeated in succession,and the northern Song became passive.The new law has been carried out for several years under the insistence of the reform faction,and has achieved great results on the whole.The original intention of the reform was to enrich the country,strengthen the army and secure the people.After the implementation of the new law,it was gradually realized: economically,it not only solved the financial crisis,but also enriched the national Treasury,making full preparations for the military expedition.Militarily,Wang Shao was coining the edge,Zhang Tong was superior to Jing,Kui Kumamoto and Cushi Zhao,the war of Yi Bian during Xining was highly successful.In terms of security for the people,the implementation of the Baojia law and the horse-breeding law strengthened the ability of the people to protect themselves.During the period of political reform,theft became less and less,and the mutiny and popular uprising became less and less.The social environment was once peaceful and peaceful.However,with Sima Guang in charge,the new law was abandoned,and the northwest military achievements were handed back to Xia,which directly destroyed the painstaking efforts of Wang Shao and others for many years.With the subsequent political situation overturned the party dispute disaster,the good law was finally controlled by the crooked party,endless suffering.Reflecting on the process of reform and tracing the causes of failure,the fundamental reason lies in the fact that some laws are contrary to laws,which makes the new law doomed to fail.The main reason is that the participants have different views on justice and interests,and the order of values is different,which leads to the inevitable conflict when the parties choose the way of reform.Although the loopholes of the act itself can be repaired in the implementation,it also increases the difficulty of implementation.Improper personnel should be the key factor of the failure of reform;And the character flaw of the person who presides turns friends into enemies in the process of reform and intensifies contradictions,thus becoming the last straw that Crusades the great cause of reform.After the end of this large-scale and profound reform movement,it caused endless reflections of later generations.However,no matter how it is positioned,it is hard to deny that this reform is not only the last comprehensive reform in the feudal imperial period of China;Moreover,it is a turning point of Chinese history and Chinese economic history,and a turning point in the transformation of Chinese society and economy in Tang and Song dynasties.From the perspective of economic ethics thought,burst forth in the process of the reform of the economic ethics thought,greatly promoted the further development of the subjects and the horizontal development,especially the concept of extension and recognize Wang Ba debate and reason for discrimination,the three fields supplement each other,and formed economic ethics thought system of one body two wings ",economic ethics thought to a more open and more profound degree of sustainable development.To sum up,this paper traces the northern song dynasty the contradiction between economic and social phenomena,analysis in the process of city xifeng political economic ethics thought,reveals the economic and social representation behind economic ethics thought origin,uncover factors affecting behavior to choose main body of economic ethics thought,and sums up the reform process of the new development of the traditional economic ethics thought.Moreover,the study of Xifeng reform from the perspective of economic ethics expands a field for the study of traditional Chinese economic ethics;By using the method of value ranking for reference,it can add a research paradigm for discussing economic ethics and provide some theoretical support for the development of real economy and society.