The Influence Of Emotion On Prospective Memory: The Role Of Motivation And Attention

In recent decades,prospective memory has received extensive attention.Researchers have discussed the issue about whether completing prospective memory will impact the completion of ongoing task.Theories about prospective memory mostly focuses the allocation of attention between prospective memory task and ongoing task.In recent years,with the advance of the research on the process of prospective memory,researchers have found that different emotional disorders can interfere with the completion of prospective memory tasks(Zhou et al.,2018;Zhou et al.,2017).Researchers used emotional experimental stimulus and manipulated emotion states under task completing,to investigate the issue that whether emotion influence prospective memory,and the conclusions were not consistent.There were research revealed that emotion enhances prospective memory(Altgassen et al.,2010;May et al.,2015;May et al.,2012),others revealed that emotion damages prospective memory(Kliegel et al.2005),and others revealed that different value emotion states influence prospective memory in different ways(Rummel et al.,2012),others focused on the processing mechanism of prospective memory in different emotion states(Cona,Kliegel,et al.,2015).In summary,we can find that emotion will influence prospective memory in two ways.The one is the interferences of information along with emotional stimulus,or triggered by evoked emotion state interfered prospective memory.And the emotional salience along with the emotional stimulus improved prospective memory.The another is whether the process of prospective memory encouraged by evoked emotion state,which will damage or enhance prospective memory task performance.In short,emotion influence prospective memory through attention allocation or information processing.How they work?In this study,we aim to investigate the mechanism of the influence of emotion to prospective memory.This study explored the mechanism of the influence of emotion on the process of prospective memory tasks,by manipulating the task demands of prospective memory and the change of attention allocation caused by different task demands.There are four studies in this study,containing seven experiments.Study 1,containing Experiment 1,appropriate movies have been selected basing on previous research to evoke exact and efficacious target emotion,and then to be used in successive studies in this research.Study 2 contained Experiment 2 and 3.In Experiment 2,the association of prospective memory task cue and movie was manipulated to investigate how intrinsic task requirement(intrinsic motivation)impact the influence of emotion on prospective memory.In Experiment 3,extrinsic task requirement(extrinsic motivation)was manipulated by telling participants whether he/she can obtain extrinsic rewards was depending on how well that his/she completing the prospective memory task,to investigate how extrinsic motivation impact the influence of emotion on prospective memory.Study 3 contained Experiment 4 and 5.Experiment 4 investigated how attention allocate on the whole task(ongoing task+prospective memory task)during intrinsic motivation prospective memory under specific emotion type,by the gazing data.Experiment 5 investigated how attention allocate on the whole task during extrinsic motivation prospective memory under specific emotion type,by the gazing data.Study 4 contained Experiment 6 and 7.Experiment 6 combined behavior data and gazing data of intrinsic motivation prospective memory task to establish moderation model to investigate how emotion moderate the influence of attention on prospective memory task.Experiment 7 combined behavior data and gazing data of extrinsic motivation prospective memory task to establish mediation model to investigate how emotion influence prospective memory through attention.Results were as follows,(1)In intrinsic prospective memory task,sad state and high-level intrinsic motivation improved prospective memory task,and the attention of whole task was less required under high level intrinsic condition.Emotion and task proceed order moderate the relationship of attention and prospective memory.(2)In extrinsic prospective memory task,emotion cannot influence prospective memory directly.High-level extrinsic motivation improved prospective memory by spending more attention to whole task.Neutral state obtained the most amount of attention among three emotion states.Emotion influence prospective memory through the mediating role of attention allocated to whole task.(3)Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation predicted performance of prospective memory task in these two models.In general,high-level intrinsic prospective memory more depends on spontaneous retrieval.High-level extrinsic prospective memory depends on strategic monitoring.These supported assumptions of Multiprocess Framework(McDaniel?Einstein,2000).Both attention allocation change and regulation-of-information-processing were involved in the influence of emotion on prospective memory.Information related to emotion entered into cognition system and obtaining some degree attention,then regulated information processing depending on one kind of emotion,influence prospective memory.The influence of that was depending the process involved in prospective memory cues.