Analysis And Prediction Of The Predominant Effect Of Visual Working Memory Capacity In Pilots

In recent decades,working memory(WM)has been a frequent focus of research,and a large number of studies have been conducted on its measurement,training,and influencing factors.Among the several types of WM,visual working memory(VWM)is a particularly important system that enables us to successfully navigate daily life and work.It is this importance that drives researchers to continue exploring related fields,attempt to find a deeper understanding of the process and influencing factors,and design a variety of training methods for improving WM capacity(WMC).As Simmering and Perone(2013)maintain,because the synergy between cognitive systems is very complex,WM and system theories should be used to update the existing models and design further studies from a dynamic perspective.Based on this,we observed an effect that usually promotes individuals to significantly improve their visual working memory capacity(V WMC).In this effect,termed the "expertise advantage effect",experts are significantly better than novices at memorizing stimulus materials in related professional fields.Specifically,this study begins by verifying the advantages of pilot VWMC.We then explain the limitations of past VWMC studies and the importance of cross-context variability,and summarize the core factors found in the literature that promote VWMC.Combining these three aspects,we conducted experiments designed to identify characteristics of pilot expertise and migration effects and the process through which they are improved.Finally,we establish a cross-context prediction model of attentiondistribution efficiency of VWMC,which provides a new perspective on the core influencing factors,effective promotion mechanism,and dynamic prediction methods of VWMC.This study incorporated 5 experiments.Study 1 contained one experiment,which was similar to experiment 1 in Tseng et al.(2012),which involved a change detection task.We compared the advantages of the pilot VWMC under differing professional conditions by changing the stimulus materials.We further verified its advantages in different background conditions and a near-migration effect when using meaningless stimuli.We also compared how the different types of stimulation and their quantities affected the advantage.Then,as in the original experiment,we verified that the pilot's VWMC expertise advantage has a migration effect.The second study also comprised one experiment.Experiment 2 used the Sequential Presentation tasks from Berryhill and Olson(2008)to present tasks and make improvements.Daily and professional templates were used as background materials.Among them,daily templates that are familiar to the general population were used as the memory object of the clock interface.The numbers of the clock were manipulated to make two conditions that either matched or did not match the template formed in real life.We found in the non-professional template that pilots still have advantages;compared with the general population,their eye movements were more efficient.We used the same experimental paradigm and replaced the template with a professional template.The pilot was most familiar with the horizon sensor as the memory subject.The degree to which the altitude matched the pointer of the current horizon sensor was manipulated to analyze the influence of the pilot's professional template on memory processing.At the same time,by comprehensively comparing the performance and eye movement data of the two groups of participants in the two tasks,we found that the efficient eye movements exhibited by the pilots was not affected by the differences in the template;pilot eye movements were consistent and stable across different tasks and the template promoted greater VWMC.The third study also comprised one experiment in which we used the task from experiment 3 in Bolstad et al.(2000).In their study,experiment 3 used an attentionmonitoring task as part of an attention time-sharing task.The task required participants to monitor the representation of a dial on a screen for a period of time.When the dial turned to a specific position,it needed to be reset by pressing a button.At the same time,eye tracking technology was used to visually analyze how participants processing was performed during the attention-distribution task.We found that the pilots processed visual information faster and had formed particular internalizations of visual search strategies and eye patterns,which could be applied to a variety of realistic task environments.Furthermore,the predictive and facilitating effects of attentional allocation ability on VWMC were also confirmed.Study 4 comprised two experiments.Through the envelopment analysis,we focused on the resource allocation efficiency-index calculation and analysis and showed that pilots are more efficient when paying attention to the resources.Experiment 5 used the BP(Back Propagation)neural network model to fit data.First,the model identified professional groups more accurately through VWMC.Second,attention-distribution efficiency predicted the level of VWMC and specific values,which indicates that individual realtime attention-distribution efficiency can be used as VWMC predictive indicators.Based on the above results,this study draws the following conclusions:(1)compared with the general population,the VWMC of pilots has a relatively stable expertise advantage and a near-migration effect,which has been verified to varying degrees under different mission backgrounds and conditions.(2)The pilot's expertise not only benefited from the promotion of the template,but also found the promotion of its higher processing efficiency through the analysis of its eye movement characteristics.That is,the pilot's expertise is reflected in the VWMC,attention distribution,and search capabilities.This may also come from the superior effect of its attention distribution ability,or the pilot's occupational particularity determines the overall improvement of its general cognitive ability by the training task.(3)Combined with the system and the restriction of attentional resources on VWMC,attention allocation efficiency is predictive of VWMC,can accurately identify expert groups,and can classify and predict individual VMWC to a certain extent.Finally,the model also accurately predicts VWMC values.In the comparative analysis of the model results,we found that requirements for the formation of templates that can promote the expertise effect might be high and require the combination of deliberately fine processing and implicit acquisition in natural situations.Thus,the explanatory theory of the expertise advantage effect needs to be further integrated.(4)The improvement of VWMC is more likely to be a promotion effect or byproduct of the improvement in overall or related cognitive abilities.In conclusion,the successful prediction allowed by the model not only proves that the efficiency of attentional resource allocation is predictive of VWMC,but also proves that predicting VWMC can be accomplished through a real-time dynamic system model.This study employed the expert-novice paradigm to verify and analyze the pilotsuperiority effect and the process of in VWMC.The aim was to analysis the memory advantages and affected factors for pilots and the general population.We further analyzed the role of template and attention-distribution ability in generating the advantage effect in VWMC.Then,based on system theory and cross-context variability,combined with eye movement indicators and data envelopment analysis,the core predictors of VWMC were analyzed and extracted.Finally,we established a VWMC dynamic prediction model that can be applied to multiple realistic memory task scenarios.