Triple Product Overall Water Splitting And Highly Efficient Solar Desalination Using Sea Water

The widespread environmental issues have been expanding with the society advancement.Utmost usage of the non-renewable energy sources on one side creating environmental pollution problems while on other side these natural energy sources are running out with the social order.Similarly,the other invasive problems upsetting the people all over the world are scarce access for water cleanliness.Therefore,be apprehensive to deal with these issues and save the coming ages;promote us to seeking for more modest alternative at lower costs and low impact on the environment.In this thesis,an elaborated study was carried by synthesizing the novel nano materials consisting of layered double hydroxide(LDHs)with various other metal/metal oxide partners and solar water evaporator for desalination using naturally inspired salt resistance material(NI-SRM).A complete characteristic profiling was carried out to reveal the morphological,structural,and optical capabilities of the designed nanomaterials.The commercial properties of the fabricated materials were evaluated by testing their performance in hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),oxygen evolution reaction(OER)reaction and solar water desalination using sea water.A major challenge in utilizing the full-potential of electrode and evaporator is the accumulation of salt over a surface which reduces their performance.The first project included by developing an efficient seawater-electrolytic system for mass the production of hydrogen.Herein,we adopted common-ion effects in electrolysis cell design to decrease the solubility of Na Cl via addition of highly concentrated Na OH,affording to efficient,durable,and sustained triple-production(H2,O2 and crystalline Na Cl)during seawater electrolysis.Ni Fe-LDH and Ni Mo alloy were employed as anode and cathode in simulative seawater-electrolysis system,which could stably work under current density of200 m A cm-2 for over 120 h.We attribute the high stability to the high Na+ concentration,which reduced the concentration of dissolved Cl-in the electrolyte,resulting in alleviated CER and anode corrosion,as well as crystallization of Na Cl by to the common-ion effect.The second project included the solar water desalination using solar energy for purification of seawater.The material prepared for solar water desalination is the mixture of naturally inspired salt resistance material(NI-SRM)consists of mixture of three naturally available materials named as sea sand,saw dust and activated char coal.The different proportions(0.5wt%,1.0wt and 5.0wt% with dilution of 100 ul,200ul,500 ul and 1000ul)and adverse particle sizes(0.154 mm,0.4mm,0.8mm and 1.25mm)of these materials were used to evaluate best water evaporation rate and longtime stability.The material used in this study is highly pores and hydrophilic,however the sawdust if superhydrophobic has been investigated.In order to control and balance the hydrophobicity different concentration of the material were used.The results reveal that,in unsorted size NI-SRM with 1.0wt% and 100 u L of PTFE give good evaporation performance than 0.5 wt% and 5.0wt% of PTFE with dilution of 200 u L,500 u L and 1000 u L lead to over limiting the hydrophobicity which is resist to water uptake in the evaporator.However,0.5wt% and 100 u L,200 u L,500 u L and 1000 u L of PTFE is not highly improving the hydrophobicity,which may cause of water uptake rate is very high leads to deteriorated the heat localized temperature over surface.It is because of the interconnected uniform size particles generated microstructure which help to pump up saline water for evaporation.Moreover,the higher porosity and capillary of the NI-SRM are imperative factors to enhance the solar desalination process.The results reveal that,0.154 mm sizes NI-SRM gives higher evaporation.It is because of the mesopores which leads to improve capillary action and permeability.The NI-SRM material has higher capability to block salt deposition over the surface.It is because of the higher porosity and capillary of the NI-SRM leads to rapid water diffusion which leads to quick replenishment of salt over surface and vaporized water.This thesis delivers wide-ranging details of designing nano materials that can achieve performance in the area of energy and water-purification using sea water,which serves a step forward in driving such material in commercial market.