Decisions Of The One-manufacturer And Two-retailers Supply Chain Under Carbon Emission Policies

At present,carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions have been and will continue to cause damage to the earth's environment,which will bring about adverse effects on human production and life.In order to control carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions to slow down the damaging to the environment,measures taken by various countries mainly include carbon cap policy,carbon tax policy and carbon cap-and-trade policy.In 2014,seven carbon trading pilot projects were launched in China.It is expected that the national carbon emission trading market will start operation at the end of June this year.China has put forward the goal of “striving to make carbon dioxide emissions reach the peak by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060”,which is profoundly influencing the economic situation as well as industry trend and changing people's lives.Many sectors and industries have announced their own carbon peak and carbon neutralization plans,and carbon emission reduction targets are gradually becoming specific actions.Therefore,the production decision of enterprises under carbon emission policy is particularly important.Based on the systematic analysis of the research results of supply chain management under carbon emission policy,this dissertation takes a two-stage supply chain system composed of one manufacturer and two retailers as the research object,and brings carbon cap,carbon tax,together with carbon cap-and-trade policy into the decision-making system.Through model-building,model-solving,model comparison and model coordination,this paper studies the pricing and emission reduction decision-making and coordination of the supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and two retailers under different carbon emission policies,aiming to provide the basis for the optimal decision-making of the enterprises and supply chain coordination,and also provide the reference for the government to formulate carbon emission policies.The main contents of this dissertation are as follows:Firstly,the pricing decision of a two-stage supply chain composed of one manufacturer and two retailers is studied under a carbon cap policy.Based on the discriminatory pricing or uniform pricing of the manufacturer and Cournot competition or collusion competition between two retailers,four game models are established.The optimal pricing decisions of each model are obtained by using the reverse induction method and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions.The ranges of the effective carbon cap of four models are given,and the influence of the uniform pricing and discriminatory pricing of the manufacturer and Cournot competition and collusion competition between two retailers on the equilibrium results are analyzed.Finally,by numerical experiments,the effect of carbon cap on the optimal retail price and the profit is analyzed.Secondly,the pricing decision of a two-stage supply chain composed of one manufacturer and two retailers under the carbon tax policy is studied.Based on three different power structures between the manufacturer and two retailers as well as Cournot competition or collusion competition between two retailers,six game models are established.The pricing decisions and enterprise profits of each model are obtained.The effects of three different power structures between the manufacturer and two retailers and Cournot competition and collusion competition between two retailers on the equilibrium results are investigated,especially the effect of carbon tax rate on product pricing,corporate profit and carbon emission in the supply chain.Thirdly,the emission reduction and pricing decisions of a two-stage supply chain composed of one manufacturer and two retailers considering consumers' environmental awareness are studied.The centralized decision-making model and three decentralized decision-making models are established,then the optimal pricing and emission reduction decisions of each model are obtained by using the reverse induction method.The effects of the key parameters in the models and different decision schemes on the equilibrium results are analyzed by numerical experiments.Fourth,under the carbon tax policy,the pricing and emission reducing decisions and coordination of a two-stage supply chain composed of one manufacturer and two retailers considering consumer's environmental awareness are studied.The centralized decision model and the decentralized decision model are established respectively,and the optimal decision and profit of the model are obtained.The research finds that the centralized decision-making supply chain has more profit,higher emission reduction level of unit product and more demand.By designing two-part tariff contract to coordinate the decentralized supply chain,the emission reduction level and profit of centralized decision supply chain are achieved,meanwhile the profit's Pareto improvement of each enterprise is also achieved under certain conditions.Finally,the effect of carbon tax rate and consumers' environmental awareness on the emission reduction level of unit product and enterprise profit are analyzed through numerical experiments.At last,under the carbon cap-and-trade policy,the pricing and emission reducing decisions and coordination of a two-stage supply chain composed of one manufacturer and two retailers considering consumer's environmental awareness are studied.The centralized decision model and the decentralized decision model are established respectively,and the optimal decision and profit of the model are obtained.The research finds that the centralized decision-making supply chain has more profit,higher emission reduction level of unit product and more demand.By designing two-part tariff contract to coordinate the decentralized supply chain,the emission reduction level and profit of centralized decision supply chain are achieved,meanwhile the profit's Pareto improvement of each enterprise is also achieved under certain conditions.Finally,the effect of carbon trading price and consumers' environmental awareness on the emission reduction level of unit product,enterprise profit and carbon trading volume are analyzed through numerical experiments.