| Online learning continues to become more prevalent in higher education. Despite extensive research of interpersonal constructs in face-to-face (F2F) instructional environments (e.g., immediacy, expectations, clarity), research has yet to explore factors such as student incivilities, instructor misbehaviors, and conflict in online courses as separate and unique from the F2F context. Based on student and instructor responses to open-ended online survey questions, this study explicated the various student incivilities and instructor misbehaviors that occur in online courses and considered what incivility/misbehavior categories tend to precipitate conflict in online courses. The findings suggest that there is a difference between F2F and online learning environments, which warrants sustained research that considers the F2F and online instructional settings independently. |
