| Despite recent advances in clinical oncology, prostate cancer remains a major health concern in men, where current detection techniques still lead to both over- and underdiagnosis. More accurate prediction and detection of prostate cancer can improve disease management and treatment outcome.;Temporal Enhanced Ultrasound (TeUS) is a promising imaging approach that can help identify tissue-specifi c patterns in time-series of ultrasound data and, in turn, differentiate between benign and malignant tissues. We introduce a probabilistic temporal framework, based on hidden Markov models, for modeling ultrasound time series data obtained from prostate cancer patients. The proposed models capture the temporal signatures of tissue-speci fic responses to prolonged sonication. Our results show improved prediction of malignancy compared to previously reported results, where we identify cancerous regions with over 85.6% accuracy.;However, adopting this approach in diagnostic procedures requires understanding of the physical properties of TeUS and its interactions with tissues. We therefore utilize our probabilistic modeling approach to examine two properties of TeUS signals - temporal order and length - and present a new framework to assess their impact on tissue information. Our results strongly indicate that temporal order has signi ficant impact on TeUS performance, and it thus plays a important role in conveying tissue-specifi c information. Additionally, we demonstrate the feasibility of reducing the duration of data collection to shorten the sequences while maintaining sufficient information for tissue typing.;To investigate the tissue characteristics interrogated by TeUS, we compare the predictions of our models with malignancy markings on multi-parametric magnetic resonance images. Our fi ndings show that the proposed models have the highest agreement in detecting cancer with Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced (DCE) sequences as compared to Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) maps and T2-Weighted (T2W) images. Hence, this agreement suggests that the effect of agiogenesis, visualized on DCE images, may also be detected using TeUS, and, in turn, paving the way for further investigation about tissue characteristics captured by TeUS. |
