A CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF AGONUM AND ALLIED GENERA, WITH A SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF THE A. EXTENSICOLLE SPECIES GROUP (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)

Cladistic analysis based on internal male and female reproductive characters and external characters is used to group exemplar taxa in the carabid tribe Platynini. A classification, key to genera in North America, and a key to species groups of Agonum in North America north of Mexico are presented.; The Agonum extensicolle species group comprises 7 species: A. cyanope (Bates); A. extimum Liebherr, n. sp.; A. parextimum Liebherr n. sp.; A. texanum (LeConte); A. extensicole (Say); A. decorum (Say); A. elongatulum (Dejean). Analyses of infraspecific geographic variation show: (1) A. texanum is biometrically uniform over the center of its range whereas individuals from outlying populations deviate in several measurements; (2) A. extensicole is a variable species, with clinal changes in biometry and color occurring across its range; (3) A. decorum is polymorphic for color and setation, as well as varying clinally in biometric characters. Metanotal flight apparatus development is inversely correlated with the amount of genetic heterogeneity measured by starch-gel electrophoresis.; Electrophoretic, qualitative morphological, and biometric data are used to estimate phylogenetic relationships in the A. extensicole group. The electrophoretic and morphological data produce compatible estimates of phylogeny. The biometric data are incompatible with the other data and are judged less useful for estimation of affinities. Distributional data are utilized in conjunction with the proposed phylogeny to investigate speciation events in the group. The principal mechanism is allopatric speciation brought about by vicariance across the lowlands of southeastern Arizona; the Cochise filter barrier. A second pattern involves a peripheral isolate of Antillean stock diverging on the Florida peninsula. A third speciation event involves a habitat shift in which a lowland desert form produced a species which now inhabits the pine-oak zone in the Sierra Madre occidental. The area-taxon relationships are compared with those in other groups. Based on an electrophoretic clock calibrated using data from Drosophila, the timing of the initial speciation event in the group is estimated at 6-12 million years b.p. Other speciation events occurred throughout the Pliocene and Pleistocene, with the most recent divergence of A. decorum and A. Elongatulum estimated at less than 2 million years b.p.